VolumeManager.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_PACKAGE_MANAGER

#include <dirent.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <mntent.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <linux/kdev_t.h>

#include <android-base/logging.h>
#include <android-base/parseint.h>
#include <android-base/properties.h>
#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
#include <android-base/strings.h>

#include <cutils/fs.h>
#include <utils/Trace.h>

#include <selinux/android.h>

#include <sysutils/NetlinkEvent.h>

#include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>

#include <ext4_utils/ext4_crypt.h>

#include "Devmapper.h"
#include "Ext4Crypt.h"
#include "Loop.h"
#include "NetlinkManager.h"
#include "Process.h"
#include "Utils.h"
#include "VoldUtil.h"
#include "VolumeManager.h"
#include "cryptfs.h"
#include "fs/Ext4.h"
#include "fs/Vfat.h"
#include "model/EmulatedVolume.h"
#include "model/ObbVolume.h"

using android::base::GetBoolProperty;
using android::base::StringAppendF;
using android::base::StringPrintf;
using android::base::unique_fd;

static const char* kPathUserMount = "/mnt/user";
static const char* kPathVirtualDisk = "/data/misc/vold/virtual_disk";

static const char* kIsolatedStorage = "persist.sys.isolated_storage";
static const char* kPropVirtualDisk = "persist.sys.virtual_disk";

static const std::string kEmptyString("");

/* 512MiB is large enough for testing purposes */
static const unsigned int kSizeVirtualDisk = 536870912;

static const unsigned int kMajorBlockMmc = 179;
static const unsigned int kMajorBlockExperimentalMin = 240;
static const unsigned int kMajorBlockExperimentalMax = 254;

VolumeManager *VolumeManager::sInstance = NULL;

VolumeManager *VolumeManager::Instance() {
    if (!sInstance)
        sInstance = new VolumeManager();
    return sInstance;
}

VolumeManager::VolumeManager() {
    mDebug = false;
    mNextObbId = 0;
    // For security reasons, assume that a secure keyguard is
    // showing until we hear otherwise
    mSecureKeyguardShowing = true;
}

VolumeManager::~VolumeManager() {
}

int VolumeManager::updateVirtualDisk() {
    ATRACE_NAME("VolumeManager::updateVirtualDisk");
    if (android::base::GetBoolProperty(kPropVirtualDisk, false)) {
        if (access(kPathVirtualDisk, F_OK) != 0) {
            Loop::createImageFile(kPathVirtualDisk, kSizeVirtualDisk / 512);
        }

        if (mVirtualDisk == nullptr) {
            if (Loop::create(kPathVirtualDisk, mVirtualDiskPath) != 0) {
                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create virtual disk";
                return -1;
            }

            struct stat buf;
            if (stat(mVirtualDiskPath.c_str(), &buf) < 0) {
                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to stat " << mVirtualDiskPath;
                return -1;
            }

            auto disk = new android::vold::Disk("virtual", buf.st_rdev, "virtual",
                    android::vold::Disk::Flags::kAdoptable | android::vold::Disk::Flags::kSd);
            mVirtualDisk = std::shared_ptr<android::vold::Disk>(disk);
            handleDiskAdded(mVirtualDisk);
        }
    } else {
        if (mVirtualDisk != nullptr) {
            dev_t device = mVirtualDisk->getDevice();
            handleDiskRemoved(device);

            Loop::destroyByDevice(mVirtualDiskPath.c_str());
            mVirtualDisk = nullptr;
        }

        if (access(kPathVirtualDisk, F_OK) == 0) {
            unlink(kPathVirtualDisk);
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::setDebug(bool enable) {
    mDebug = enable;
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::start() {
    ATRACE_NAME("VolumeManager::start");

    // Always start from a clean slate by unmounting everything in
    // directories that we own, in case we crashed.
    unmountAll();

    Devmapper::destroyAll();
    Loop::destroyAll();

    // Assume that we always have an emulated volume on internal
    // storage; the framework will decide if it should be mounted.
    CHECK(mInternalEmulated == nullptr);
    mInternalEmulated = std::shared_ptr<android::vold::VolumeBase>(
            new android::vold::EmulatedVolume("/data/media"));
    mInternalEmulated->create();

    // Consider creating a virtual disk
    updateVirtualDisk();

    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::stop() {
    CHECK(mInternalEmulated != nullptr);
    mInternalEmulated->destroy();
    mInternalEmulated = nullptr;
    return 0;
}

void VolumeManager::handleBlockEvent(NetlinkEvent *evt) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);

    if (mDebug) {
        LOG(VERBOSE) << "----------------";
        LOG(VERBOSE) << "handleBlockEvent with action " << (int) evt->getAction();
        evt->dump();
    }

    std::string eventPath(evt->findParam("DEVPATH")?evt->findParam("DEVPATH"):"");
    std::string devType(evt->findParam("DEVTYPE")?evt->findParam("DEVTYPE"):"");

    if (devType != "disk") return;

    int major = std::stoi(evt->findParam("MAJOR"));
    int minor = std::stoi(evt->findParam("MINOR"));
    dev_t device = makedev(major, minor);

    switch (evt->getAction()) {
    case NetlinkEvent::Action::kAdd: {
        for (const auto& source : mDiskSources) {
            if (source->matches(eventPath)) {
                // For now, assume that MMC and virtio-blk (the latter is
                // emulator-specific; see Disk.cpp for details) devices are SD,
                // and that everything else is USB
                int flags = source->getFlags();
                if (major == kMajorBlockMmc
                    || (android::vold::IsRunningInEmulator()
                    && major >= (int) kMajorBlockExperimentalMin
                    && major <= (int) kMajorBlockExperimentalMax)) {
                    flags |= android::vold::Disk::Flags::kSd;
                } else {
                    flags |= android::vold::Disk::Flags::kUsb;
                }

                auto disk = new android::vold::Disk(eventPath, device,
                        source->getNickname(), flags);
                handleDiskAdded(std::shared_ptr<android::vold::Disk>(disk));
                break;
            }
        }
        break;
    }
    case NetlinkEvent::Action::kChange: {
        LOG(DEBUG) << "Disk at " << major << ":" << minor << " changed";
        handleDiskChanged(device);
        break;
    }
    case NetlinkEvent::Action::kRemove: {
        handleDiskRemoved(device);
        break;
    }
    default: {
        LOG(WARNING) << "Unexpected block event action " << (int) evt->getAction();
        break;
    }
    }
}

void VolumeManager::handleDiskAdded(const std::shared_ptr<android::vold::Disk>& disk) {
    // For security reasons, if secure keyguard is showing, wait
    // until the user unlocks the device to actually touch it
    if (mSecureKeyguardShowing) {
        LOG(INFO) << "Found disk at " << disk->getEventPath()
                << " but delaying scan due to secure keyguard";
        mPendingDisks.push_back(disk);
    } else {
        disk->create();
        mDisks.push_back(disk);
    }
}

void VolumeManager::handleDiskChanged(dev_t device) {
    for (const auto& disk : mDisks) {
        if (disk->getDevice() == device) {
            disk->readMetadata();
            disk->readPartitions();
        }
    }

    // For security reasons, we ignore all pending disks, since
    // we'll scan them once the device is unlocked
}

void VolumeManager::handleDiskRemoved(dev_t device) {
    auto i = mDisks.begin();
    while (i != mDisks.end()) {
        if ((*i)->getDevice() == device) {
            (*i)->destroy();
            i = mDisks.erase(i);
        } else {
            ++i;
        }
    }
    auto j = mPendingDisks.begin();
    while (j != mPendingDisks.end()) {
        if ((*j)->getDevice() == device) {
            j = mPendingDisks.erase(j);
        } else {
            ++j;
        }
    }
}

void VolumeManager::addDiskSource(const std::shared_ptr<DiskSource>& diskSource) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
    mDiskSources.push_back(diskSource);
}

std::shared_ptr<android::vold::Disk> VolumeManager::findDisk(const std::string& id) {
    for (auto disk : mDisks) {
        if (disk->getId() == id) {
            return disk;
        }
    }
    return nullptr;
}

std::shared_ptr<android::vold::VolumeBase> VolumeManager::findVolume(const std::string& id) {
    // Vold could receive "mount" after "shutdown" command in the extreme case.
    // If this happens, mInternalEmulated will equal nullptr and
    // we need to deal with it in order to avoid null pointer crash.
    if (mInternalEmulated != nullptr && mInternalEmulated->getId() == id) {
        return mInternalEmulated;
    }
    for (const auto& disk : mDisks) {
        auto vol = disk->findVolume(id);
        if (vol != nullptr) {
            return vol;
        }
    }
    for (const auto& vol : mObbVolumes) {
        if (vol->getId() == id) {
            return vol;
        }
    }
    return nullptr;
}

void VolumeManager::listVolumes(android::vold::VolumeBase::Type type,
        std::list<std::string>& list) {
    list.clear();
    for (const auto& disk : mDisks) {
        disk->listVolumes(type, list);
    }
}

int VolumeManager::forgetPartition(const std::string& partGuid, const std::string& fsUuid) {
    std::string normalizedGuid;
    if (android::vold::NormalizeHex(partGuid, normalizedGuid)) {
        LOG(WARNING) << "Invalid GUID " << partGuid;
        return -1;
    }

    bool success = true;
    std::string keyPath = android::vold::BuildKeyPath(normalizedGuid);
    if (unlink(keyPath.c_str()) != 0) {
        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to unlink " << keyPath;
        success = false;
    }
    if (e4crypt_is_native()) {
        if (!e4crypt_destroy_volume_keys(fsUuid)) {
            success = false;
        }
    }
    return success ? 0 : -1;
}

int VolumeManager::linkPrimary(userid_t userId, const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames) {
    if (GetBoolProperty(kIsolatedStorage, false)) {
        std::string source(StringPrintf("/mnt/runtime/write/%s", mPrimary->getLabel().c_str()));
        bool isPrimaryEmulated =
                (mPrimary->getType() == android::vold::VolumeBase::Type::kEmulated);
        if (isPrimaryEmulated) {
            StringAppendF(&source, "/%d", userId);
            if (fs_prepare_dir(source.c_str(), 0755, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT) != 0) {
                PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_prepare_dir failed on " << source;
                return -errno;
            }
        }
        if (mountSandboxesForPrimaryVol(source, userId, packageNames, isPrimaryEmulated) != 0) {
            return -errno;
        }
        // Keep /sdcard working for shell process
        std::string primarySource(mPrimary->getPath());
        if (isPrimaryEmulated) {
            StringAppendF(&primarySource, "/%d", userId);
        }
        std::string target(StringPrintf("/mnt/user/%d/primary", userId));
        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(unlink(target.c_str()))) {
            if (errno != ENOENT) {
                PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to unlink " << target;
            }
        }
        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(symlink(primarySource.c_str(), target.c_str()))) {
            PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to link " << primarySource << " at " << target;
            return -errno;
        }
    } else {
        std::string source(mPrimary->getPath());
        if (mPrimary->getType() == android::vold::VolumeBase::Type::kEmulated) {
            source = StringPrintf("%s/%d", source.c_str(), userId);
            fs_prepare_dir(source.c_str(), 0755, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT);
        }

        std::string target(StringPrintf("/mnt/user/%d/primary", userId));
        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(unlink(target.c_str()))) {
            if (errno != ENOENT) {
                PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to unlink " << target;
            }
        }
        LOG(DEBUG) << "Linking " << source << " to " << target;
        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(symlink(source.c_str(), target.c_str()))) {
            PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to link";
            return -errno;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::mountSandboxesForPrimaryVol(const std::string& primaryRoot, userid_t userId,
        const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames, bool isPrimaryEmulated) {

    std::string sandboxRoot = prepareSubDirs(primaryRoot, "Android/sandbox/",
            0700, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT);
    if (sandboxRoot.empty()) {
        return -errno;
    }
    std::string sharedSandboxRoot;
    StringAppendF(&sharedSandboxRoot, "%s/shared", sandboxRoot.c_str());
    // Create shared sandbox base dir for apps with sharedUserIds
    if (fs_prepare_dir(sharedSandboxRoot.c_str(), 0700, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT) != 0) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_prepare_dir failed on " << sharedSandboxRoot;
        return -errno;
    }

    std::string dataRoot = prepareSubDirs(primaryRoot, "Android/data/",
            0700, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT);
    if (dataRoot.empty()) {
        return -errno;
    }

    std::string mntTargetRoot = StringPrintf("/mnt/user/%d", userId);
    if (fs_prepare_dir(mntTargetRoot.c_str(), 0751, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT) != 0) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_prepare_dir failed on " << mntTargetRoot;
        return -errno;
    }
    mntTargetRoot.append("/package");
    if (fs_prepare_dir(mntTargetRoot.c_str(), 0700, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT) != 0) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_prepare_dir failed on " << mntTargetRoot;
        return -errno;
    }

    for (auto& packageName : packageNames) {
        const auto& it = mAppIds.find(packageName);
        if (it == mAppIds.end()) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "appId is not available for " << packageName;
            continue;
        }
        appid_t appId = it->second;
        std::string sandboxId = mSandboxIds[appId];
        uid_t uid = multiuser_get_uid(userId, appId);

        // Create [1] /mnt/runtime/write/emulated/0/Android/sandbox/<sandboxId>
        // Create [2] /mnt/user/0/package/<packageName>/emulated/0
        // Mount [1] at [2]
        std::string pkgSandboxSourceDir = prepareSandboxSource(uid, sandboxId, sandboxRoot);
        if (pkgSandboxSourceDir.empty()) {
            return -errno;
        }
        std::string pkgSandboxTargetDir = prepareSandboxTarget(packageName, uid,
                mPrimary->getLabel(), mntTargetRoot, isPrimaryEmulated);
        if (pkgSandboxTargetDir.empty()) {
            return -errno;
        }
        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mount(pkgSandboxSourceDir.c_str(), pkgSandboxTargetDir.c_str(),
                nullptr, MS_BIND | MS_REC | MS_SLAVE, nullptr)) == -1) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount " << pkgSandboxSourceDir << " at "
                        << pkgSandboxTargetDir;
            return -errno;
        }

        // Create [1] /mnt/runtime/write/emulated/0/Android/data/<packageName>
        // Create [2] /mnt/user/0/package/<packageName>/emulated/0/Android/data/<packageName>
        // Mount [1] at [2]
        std::string pkgDataSourceDir = preparePkgDataSource(packageName, uid, dataRoot);
        if (pkgDataSourceDir.empty()) {
            return -errno;
        }
        std::string pkgDataTargetDir = preparePkgDataTarget(packageName, uid,
                pkgSandboxTargetDir);
        if (pkgDataTargetDir.empty()) {
            return -errno;
        }
        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mount(pkgDataSourceDir.c_str(), pkgDataTargetDir.c_str(),
                nullptr, MS_BIND | MS_REC | MS_SLAVE, nullptr)) == -1) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount " << pkgDataSourceDir << " at "
                        << pkgDataTargetDir;
            return -errno;
        }

        // Create [1] /mnt/user/0/package/<packageName>/self/primary
        // Already created [2] /mnt/user/0/package/<packageName>/emulated/0
        // Mount [2] at [1]
        std::string pkgPrimaryTargetDir = prepareSubDirs(
                StringPrintf("%s/%s", mntTargetRoot.c_str(), packageName.c_str()),
                "self/primary/", 0755, uid, uid);
        if (pkgPrimaryTargetDir.empty()) {
            return -errno;
        }
        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mount(pkgSandboxTargetDir.c_str(), pkgPrimaryTargetDir.c_str(),
                nullptr, MS_BIND | MS_REC | MS_SLAVE, nullptr)) == -1) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount " << pkgSandboxTargetDir << " at "
                        << pkgPrimaryTargetDir;
            return -errno;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

std::string VolumeManager::prepareSubDirs(const std::string& pathPrefix,
        const std::string& subDirs, mode_t mode, uid_t uid, gid_t gid) {
    std::string path(pathPrefix);
    std::vector<std::string> subDirList = android::base::Split(subDirs, "/");
    for (size_t i = 0; i < subDirList.size(); ++i) {
        std::string subDir = subDirList[i];
        if (subDir.empty()) {
            continue;
        }
        StringAppendF(&path, "/%s", subDir.c_str());
        if (fs_prepare_dir(path.c_str(), mode, uid, gid) != 0) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_prepare_dir failed on " << path;
            return kEmptyString;
        }
    }
    return path;
}

std::string VolumeManager::prepareSandboxSource(uid_t uid, const std::string& sandboxId,
        const std::string& sandboxRootDir) {
    std::string sandboxSourceDir(sandboxRootDir);
    if (android::base::StartsWith(sandboxId, "shared:")) {
        StringAppendF(&sandboxSourceDir, "/shared/%s", sandboxId.substr(7).c_str());
    } else {
        StringAppendF(&sandboxSourceDir, "/%s", sandboxId.c_str());
    }
    if (fs_prepare_dir(sandboxSourceDir.c_str(), 0755, uid, uid) != 0) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_prepare_dir failed on " << sandboxSourceDir;
        return kEmptyString;
    }
    return sandboxSourceDir;
}

std::string VolumeManager::prepareSandboxTarget(const std::string& packageName, uid_t uid,
        const std::string& volumeLabel, const std::string& mntTargetRootDir,
        bool isUserDependent) {
    std::string segment;
    if (isUserDependent) {
        segment = StringPrintf("%s/%s/%d/",
                packageName.c_str(), volumeLabel.c_str(), multiuser_get_user_id(uid));
    } else {
        segment = StringPrintf("%s/%s/",
                packageName.c_str(), volumeLabel.c_str());
    }
    return prepareSubDirs(mntTargetRootDir, segment.c_str(), 0755, uid, uid);
}

std::string VolumeManager::preparePkgDataSource(const std::string& packageName, uid_t uid,
        const std::string& dataRootDir) {
    std::string dataSourceDir = StringPrintf("%s/%s", dataRootDir.c_str(), packageName.c_str());
    if (fs_prepare_dir(dataSourceDir.c_str(), 0755, uid, uid) != 0) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_prepare_dir failed on " << dataSourceDir;
        return kEmptyString;
    }
    return dataSourceDir;
}

std::string VolumeManager::preparePkgDataTarget(const std::string& packageName, uid_t uid,
        const std::string& pkgSandboxDir) {
    std::string segment = StringPrintf("Android/data/%s/", packageName.c_str());
    return prepareSubDirs(pkgSandboxDir, segment.c_str(), 0755, uid, uid);
}

int VolumeManager::onUserAdded(userid_t userId, int userSerialNumber) {
    mAddedUsers[userId] = userSerialNumber;
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::onUserRemoved(userid_t userId) {
    mAddedUsers.erase(userId);
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::onUserStarted(userid_t userId, const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames) {
    // Note that sometimes the system will spin up processes from Zygote
    // before actually starting the user, so we're okay if Zygote
    // already created this directory.
    std::string path(StringPrintf("%s/%d", kPathUserMount, userId));
    fs_prepare_dir(path.c_str(), 0755, AID_ROOT, AID_ROOT);

    mStartedUsers.insert(userId);
    mUserPackages[userId] = packageNames;
    if (mPrimary) {
        linkPrimary(userId, packageNames);
    }
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::onUserStopped(userid_t userId) {
    mStartedUsers.erase(userId);
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::addAppIds(const std::vector<std::string>& packageNames,
        const std::vector<int32_t>& appIds) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < packageNames.size(); ++i) {
        mAppIds[packageNames[i]] = appIds[i];
    }
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::addSandboxIds(const std::vector<int32_t>& appIds,
        const std::vector<std::string>& sandboxIds) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < appIds.size(); ++i) {
        mSandboxIds[appIds[i]] = sandboxIds[i];
    }
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::onSecureKeyguardStateChanged(bool isShowing) {
    mSecureKeyguardShowing = isShowing;
    if (!mSecureKeyguardShowing) {
        // Now that secure keyguard has been dismissed, process
        // any pending disks
        for (const auto& disk : mPendingDisks) {
            disk->create();
            mDisks.push_back(disk);
        }
        mPendingDisks.clear();
    }
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::setPrimary(const std::shared_ptr<android::vold::VolumeBase>& vol) {
    mPrimary = vol;
    for (userid_t userId : mStartedUsers) {
        linkPrimary(userId, mUserPackages[userId]);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int unmount_tree(const std::string& prefix) {
    FILE* fp = setmntent("/proc/mounts", "r");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /proc/mounts";
        return -errno;
    }

    // Some volumes can be stacked on each other, so force unmount in
    // reverse order to give us the best chance of success.
    std::list<std::string> toUnmount;
    mntent* mentry;
    while ((mentry = getmntent(fp)) != NULL) {
        auto test = std::string(mentry->mnt_dir) + "/";
        if (android::base::StartsWith(test, prefix)) {
            toUnmount.push_front(test);
        }
    }
    endmntent(fp);

    for (const auto& path : toUnmount) {
        if (umount2(path.c_str(), MNT_DETACH)) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to unmount " << path;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::remountUid(uid_t uid, const std::string& mode) {
    // If the isolated storage is enabled, return -1 since in the isolated storage world, there
    // are no longer any runtime storage permissions, so this shouldn't be called anymore.
    if (GetBoolProperty(kIsolatedStorage, false)) {
        return -1;
    }
    LOG(DEBUG) << "Remounting " << uid << " as mode " << mode;

    DIR* dir;
    struct dirent* de;
    std::string rootName;
    std::string pidName;
    int pidFd;
    int nsFd;
    struct stat sb;
    pid_t child;

    if (!(dir = opendir("/proc"))) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to opendir";
        return -1;
    }

    // Figure out root namespace to compare against below
    if (!android::vold::Readlinkat(dirfd(dir), "1/ns/mnt", &rootName)) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read root namespace";
        closedir(dir);
        return -1;
    }

    // Poke through all running PIDs look for apps running as UID
    while ((de = readdir(dir))) {
        pid_t pid;
        if (de->d_type != DT_DIR) continue;
        if (!android::base::ParseInt(de->d_name, &pid)) continue;

        pidFd = -1;
        nsFd = -1;

        pidFd = openat(dirfd(dir), de->d_name, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC);
        if (pidFd < 0) {
            goto next;
        }
        if (fstat(pidFd, &sb) != 0) {
            PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to stat " << de->d_name;
            goto next;
        }
        if (sb.st_uid != uid) {
            goto next;
        }

        // Matches so far, but refuse to touch if in root namespace
        LOG(DEBUG) << "Found matching PID " << de->d_name;
        if (!android::vold::Readlinkat(pidFd, "ns/mnt", &pidName)) {
            PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to read namespace for " << de->d_name;
            goto next;
        }
        if (rootName == pidName) {
            LOG(WARNING) << "Skipping due to root namespace";
            goto next;
        }

        // We purposefully leave the namespace open across the fork
        nsFd = openat(pidFd, "ns/mnt", O_RDONLY); // not O_CLOEXEC
        if (nsFd < 0) {
            PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to open namespace for " << de->d_name;
            goto next;
        }

        if (!(child = fork())) {
            if (setns(nsFd, CLONE_NEWNS) != 0) {
                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to setns for " << de->d_name;
                _exit(1);
            }

            unmount_tree("/storage/");

            std::string storageSource;
            if (mode == "default") {
                storageSource = "/mnt/runtime/default";
            } else if (mode == "read") {
                storageSource = "/mnt/runtime/read";
            } else if (mode == "write") {
                storageSource = "/mnt/runtime/write";
            } else {
                // Sane default of no storage visible
                _exit(0);
            }
            if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mount(storageSource.c_str(), "/storage",
                    NULL, MS_BIND | MS_REC, NULL)) == -1) {
                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount " << storageSource << " for "
                        << de->d_name;
                _exit(1);
            }
            if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mount(NULL, "/storage", NULL,
                    MS_REC | MS_SLAVE, NULL)) == -1) {
                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set MS_SLAVE to /storage for "
                        << de->d_name;
                _exit(1);
            }

            // Mount user-specific symlink helper into place
            userid_t user_id = multiuser_get_user_id(uid);
            std::string userSource(StringPrintf("/mnt/user/%d", user_id));
            if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mount(userSource.c_str(), "/storage/self",
                    NULL, MS_BIND, NULL)) == -1) {
                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount " << userSource << " for "
                        << de->d_name;
                _exit(1);
            }

            _exit(0);
        }

        if (child == -1) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fork";
            goto next;
        } else {
            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(child, nullptr, 0));
        }

next:
        close(nsFd);
        close(pidFd);
    }
    closedir(dir);
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::reset() {
    // Tear down all existing disks/volumes and start from a blank slate so
    // newly connected framework hears all events.
    if (mInternalEmulated != nullptr) {
        mInternalEmulated->destroy();
        mInternalEmulated->create();
    }
    for (const auto& disk : mDisks) {
        disk->destroy();
        disk->create();
    }
    updateVirtualDisk();
    mAddedUsers.clear();
    mStartedUsers.clear();

    mUserPackages.clear();
    mAppIds.clear();
    mSandboxIds.clear();
    return 0;
}

// Can be called twice (sequentially) during shutdown. should be safe for that.
int VolumeManager::shutdown() {
    if (mInternalEmulated == nullptr) {
        return 0; // already shutdown
    }
    android::vold::sSleepOnUnmount = false;
    mInternalEmulated->destroy();
    mInternalEmulated = nullptr;
    for (const auto& disk : mDisks) {
        disk->destroy();
    }
    mDisks.clear();
    mPendingDisks.clear();
    android::vold::sSleepOnUnmount = true;
    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::unmountAll() {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mLock);
    ATRACE_NAME("VolumeManager::unmountAll()");

    // First, try gracefully unmounting all known devices
    if (mInternalEmulated != nullptr) {
        mInternalEmulated->unmount();
    }
    for (const auto& disk : mDisks) {
        disk->unmountAll();
    }

    // Worst case we might have some stale mounts lurking around, so
    // force unmount those just to be safe.
    FILE* fp = setmntent("/proc/mounts", "r");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /proc/mounts";
        return -errno;
    }

    // Some volumes can be stacked on each other, so force unmount in
    // reverse order to give us the best chance of success.
    std::list<std::string> toUnmount;
    mntent* mentry;
    while ((mentry = getmntent(fp)) != NULL) {
        auto test = std::string(mentry->mnt_dir);
        if ((android::base::StartsWith(test, "/mnt/") &&
             !android::base::StartsWith(test, "/mnt/vendor") &&
             !android::base::StartsWith(test, "/mnt/product")) ||
            android::base::StartsWith(test, "/storage/")) {
            toUnmount.push_front(test);
        }
    }
    endmntent(fp);

    for (const auto& path : toUnmount) {
        LOG(DEBUG) << "Tearing down stale mount " << path;
        android::vold::ForceUnmount(path);
    }

    return 0;
}

int VolumeManager::mkdirs(const std::string& path) {
    // Only offer to create directories for paths managed by vold
    if (android::base::StartsWith(path, "/storage/")) {
        // fs_mkdirs() does symlink checking and relative path enforcement
        return fs_mkdirs(path.c_str(), 0700);
    } else {
        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to find mounted volume for " << path;
        return -EINVAL;
    }
}

static size_t kAppFuseMaxMountPointName = 32;

static android::status_t getMountPath(uid_t uid, const std::string& name, std::string* path) {
    if (name.size() > kAppFuseMaxMountPointName) {
        LOG(ERROR) << "AppFuse mount name is too long.";
        return -EINVAL;
    }
    for (size_t i = 0; i < name.size(); i++) {
        if (!isalnum(name[i])) {
            LOG(ERROR) << "AppFuse mount name contains invalid character.";
            return -EINVAL;
        }
    }
    *path = android::base::StringPrintf("/mnt/appfuse/%d_%s", uid, name.c_str());
    return android::OK;
}

static android::status_t mountInNamespace(uid_t uid, int device_fd, const std::string& path) {
    // Remove existing mount.
    android::vold::ForceUnmount(path);

    const auto opts = android::base::StringPrintf(
            "fd=%i,"
            "rootmode=40000,"
            "default_permissions,"
            "allow_other,"
            "user_id=%d,group_id=%d,"
            "context=\"u:object_r:app_fuse_file:s0\","
            "fscontext=u:object_r:app_fusefs:s0",
            device_fd,
            uid,
            uid);

    const int result = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(mount(
            "/dev/fuse", path.c_str(), "fuse",
            MS_NOSUID | MS_NODEV | MS_NOEXEC | MS_NOATIME, opts.c_str()));
    if (result != 0) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount " << path;
        return -errno;
    }

    return android::OK;
}

static android::status_t runCommandInNamespace(const std::string& command,
                                               uid_t uid,
                                               pid_t pid,
                                               const std::string& path,
                                               int device_fd) {
    if (DEBUG_APPFUSE) {
        LOG(DEBUG) << "Run app fuse command " << command << " for the path " << path
                   << " in namespace " << uid;
    }

    unique_fd dir(open("/proc", O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC));
    if (dir.get() == -1) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /proc";
        return -errno;
    }

    // Obtains process file descriptor.
    const std::string pid_str = android::base::StringPrintf("%d", pid);
    const unique_fd pid_fd(
            openat(dir.get(), pid_str.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY | O_CLOEXEC));
    if (pid_fd.get() == -1) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /proc/" << pid;
        return -errno;
    }

    // Check UID of process.
    {
        struct stat sb;
        const int result = fstat(pid_fd.get(), &sb);
        if (result == -1) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to stat /proc/" << pid;
            return -errno;
        }
        if (sb.st_uid != AID_SYSTEM) {
            LOG(ERROR) << "Only system can mount appfuse. UID expected=" << AID_SYSTEM
                    << ", actual=" << sb.st_uid;
            return -EPERM;
        }
    }

    // Matches so far, but refuse to touch if in root namespace
    {
        std::string rootName;
        std::string pidName;
        if (!android::vold::Readlinkat(dir.get(), "1/ns/mnt", &rootName)
                || !android::vold::Readlinkat(pid_fd.get(), "ns/mnt", &pidName)) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read namespaces";
            return -EPERM;
        }
        if (rootName == pidName) {
            LOG(ERROR) << "Don't mount appfuse in root namespace";
            return -EPERM;
        }
    }

    // We purposefully leave the namespace open across the fork
    unique_fd ns_fd(openat(pid_fd.get(), "ns/mnt", O_RDONLY)); // not O_CLOEXEC
    if (ns_fd.get() < 0) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open namespace for /proc/" << pid << "/ns/mnt";
        return -errno;
    }

    int child = fork();
    if (child == 0) {
        if (setns(ns_fd.get(), CLONE_NEWNS) != 0) {
            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to setns";
            _exit(-errno);
        }

        if (command == "mount") {
            _exit(mountInNamespace(uid, device_fd, path));
        } else if (command == "unmount") {
            // If it's just after all FD opened on mount point are closed, umount2 can fail with
            // EBUSY. To avoid the case, specify MNT_DETACH.
            if (umount2(path.c_str(), UMOUNT_NOFOLLOW | MNT_DETACH) != 0 &&
                    errno != EINVAL && errno != ENOENT) {
                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to unmount directory.";
                _exit(-errno);
            }
            if (rmdir(path.c_str()) != 0) {
                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to remove the mount directory.";
                _exit(-errno);
            }
            _exit(android::OK);
        } else {
            LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown appfuse command " << command;
            _exit(-EPERM);
        }
    }

    if (child == -1) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to folk child process";
        return -errno;
    }

    android::status_t status;
    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(child, &status, 0));

    return status;
}

int VolumeManager::createObb(const std::string& sourcePath, const std::string& sourceKey,
        int32_t ownerGid, std::string* outVolId) {
    int id = mNextObbId++;

    auto vol = std::shared_ptr<android::vold::VolumeBase>(
            new android::vold::ObbVolume(id, sourcePath, sourceKey, ownerGid));
    vol->create();

    mObbVolumes.push_back(vol);
    *outVolId = vol->getId();
    return android::OK;
}

int VolumeManager::destroyObb(const std::string& volId) {
    auto i = mObbVolumes.begin();
    while (i != mObbVolumes.end()) {
        if ((*i)->getId() == volId) {
            (*i)->destroy();
            i = mObbVolumes.erase(i);
        } else {
            ++i;
        }
    }
    return android::OK;
}

int VolumeManager::mountAppFuse(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, int mountId,
        android::base::unique_fd* device_fd) {
    std::string name = std::to_string(mountId);

    // Check mount point name.
    std::string path;
    if (getMountPath(uid, name, &path) != android::OK) {
        LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid mount point name";
        return -1;
    }

    // Create directories.
    const android::status_t result = android::vold::PrepareDir(path, 0700, 0, 0);
    if (result != android::OK) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to prepare directory " << path;
        return -1;
    }

    // Open device FD.
    device_fd->reset(open("/dev/fuse", O_RDWR)); // not O_CLOEXEC
    if (device_fd->get() == -1) {
        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /dev/fuse";
        return -1;
    }

    // Mount.
    return runCommandInNamespace("mount", uid, pid, path, device_fd->get());
}

int VolumeManager::unmountAppFuse(uid_t uid, pid_t pid, int mountId) {
    std::string name = std::to_string(mountId);

    // Check mount point name.
    std::string path;
    if (getMountPath(uid, name, &path) != android::OK) {
        LOG(ERROR) << "Invalid mount point name";
        return -1;
    }

    return runCommandInNamespace("unmount", uid, pid, path, -1 /* device_fd */);
}