drivers/block/rbd.c

/*
   rbd.c -- Export ceph rados objects as a Linux block device


   based on drivers/block/osdblk.c:

   Copyright 2009 Red Hat, Inc.

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
   the Free Software Foundation.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
   the Free Software Foundation, 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.



   For usage instructions, please refer to:

                 Documentation/ABI/testing/sysfs-bus-rbd

 */

#include <linux/ceph/libceph.h>
#include <linux/ceph/osd_client.h>
#include <linux/ceph/mon_client.h>
#include <linux/ceph/decode.h>
#include <linux/parser.h>

#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>

#include "rbd_types.h"

/*
 * The basic unit of block I/O is a sector.  It is interpreted in a
 * number of contexts in Linux (blk, bio, genhd), but the default is
 * universally 512 bytes.  These symbols are just slightly more
 * meaningful than the bare numbers they represent.
 */
#define	SECTOR_SHIFT	9
#define	SECTOR_SIZE	(1ULL << SECTOR_SHIFT)

#define RBD_DRV_NAME "rbd"
#define RBD_DRV_NAME_LONG "rbd (rados block device)"

#define RBD_MINORS_PER_MAJOR	256		/* max minors per blkdev */

#define RBD_MAX_SNAP_NAME_LEN	32
#define RBD_MAX_OPT_LEN		1024

#define RBD_SNAP_HEAD_NAME	"-"

/*
 * An RBD device name will be "rbd#", where the "rbd" comes from
 * RBD_DRV_NAME above, and # is a unique integer identifier.
 * MAX_INT_FORMAT_WIDTH is used in ensuring DEV_NAME_LEN is big
 * enough to hold all possible device names.
 */
#define DEV_NAME_LEN		32
#define MAX_INT_FORMAT_WIDTH	((5 * sizeof (int)) / 2 + 1)

#define RBD_NOTIFY_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT 10

/*
 * block device image metadata (in-memory version)
 */
struct rbd_image_header {
	u64 image_size;
	char *object_prefix;
	__u8 obj_order;
	__u8 crypt_type;
	__u8 comp_type;
	struct ceph_snap_context *snapc;
	u32 total_snaps;

	char *snap_names;
	u64 *snap_sizes;

	u64 obj_version;
};

struct rbd_options {
	int	notify_timeout;
};

/*
 * an instance of the client.  multiple devices may share an rbd client.
 */
struct rbd_client {
	struct ceph_client	*client;
	struct rbd_options	*rbd_opts;
	struct kref		kref;
	struct list_head	node;
};

/*
 * a request completion status
 */
struct rbd_req_status {
	int done;
	int rc;
	u64 bytes;
};

/*
 * a collection of requests
 */
struct rbd_req_coll {
	int			total;
	int			num_done;
	struct kref		kref;
	struct rbd_req_status	status[0];
};

/*
 * a single io request
 */
struct rbd_request {
	struct request		*rq;		/* blk layer request */
	struct bio		*bio;		/* cloned bio */
	struct page		**pages;	/* list of used pages */
	u64			len;
	int			coll_index;
	struct rbd_req_coll	*coll;
};

struct rbd_snap {
	struct	device		dev;
	const char		*name;
	u64			size;
	struct list_head	node;
	u64			id;
};

/*
 * a single device
 */
struct rbd_device {
	int			dev_id;		/* blkdev unique id */

	int			major;		/* blkdev assigned major */
	struct gendisk		*disk;		/* blkdev's gendisk and rq */
	struct request_queue	*q;

	struct rbd_client	*rbd_client;

	char			name[DEV_NAME_LEN]; /* blkdev name, e.g. rbd3 */

	spinlock_t		lock;		/* queue lock */

	struct rbd_image_header	header;
	char			*image_name;
	size_t			image_name_len;
	char			*header_name;
	char			*pool_name;
	int			pool_id;

	struct ceph_osd_event   *watch_event;
	struct ceph_osd_request *watch_request;

	/* protects updating the header */
	struct rw_semaphore     header_rwsem;
	/* name of the snapshot this device reads from */
	char                    *snap_name;
	/* id of the snapshot this device reads from */
	u64                     snap_id;	/* current snapshot id */
	/* whether the snap_id this device reads from still exists */
	bool                    snap_exists;
	int                     read_only;

	struct list_head	node;

	/* list of snapshots */
	struct list_head	snaps;

	/* sysfs related */
	struct device		dev;
};

static DEFINE_MUTEX(ctl_mutex);	  /* Serialize open/close/setup/teardown */

static LIST_HEAD(rbd_dev_list);    /* devices */
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(rbd_dev_list_lock);

static LIST_HEAD(rbd_client_list);		/* clients */
static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(rbd_client_list_lock);

static int __rbd_init_snaps_header(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev);
static void rbd_dev_release(struct device *dev);
static ssize_t rbd_snap_add(struct device *dev,
			    struct device_attribute *attr,
			    const char *buf,
			    size_t count);
static void __rbd_remove_snap_dev(struct rbd_snap *snap);

static ssize_t rbd_add(struct bus_type *bus, const char *buf,
		       size_t count);
static ssize_t rbd_remove(struct bus_type *bus, const char *buf,
			  size_t count);

static struct bus_attribute rbd_bus_attrs[] = {
	__ATTR(add, S_IWUSR, NULL, rbd_add),
	__ATTR(remove, S_IWUSR, NULL, rbd_remove),
	__ATTR_NULL
};

static struct bus_type rbd_bus_type = {
	.name		= "rbd",
	.bus_attrs	= rbd_bus_attrs,
};

static void rbd_root_dev_release(struct device *dev)
{
}

static struct device rbd_root_dev = {
	.init_name =    "rbd",
	.release =      rbd_root_dev_release,
};


static struct device *rbd_get_dev(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	return get_device(&rbd_dev->dev);
}

static void rbd_put_dev(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	put_device(&rbd_dev->dev);
}

static int rbd_refresh_header(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev, u64 *hver);

static int rbd_open(struct block_device *bdev, fmode_t mode)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = bdev->bd_disk->private_data;

	if ((mode & FMODE_WRITE) && rbd_dev->read_only)
		return -EROFS;

	rbd_get_dev(rbd_dev);
	set_device_ro(bdev, rbd_dev->read_only);

	return 0;
}

static int rbd_release(struct gendisk *disk, fmode_t mode)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = disk->private_data;

	rbd_put_dev(rbd_dev);

	return 0;
}

static const struct block_device_operations rbd_bd_ops = {
	.owner			= THIS_MODULE,
	.open			= rbd_open,
	.release		= rbd_release,
};

/*
 * Initialize an rbd client instance.
 * We own *ceph_opts.
 */
static struct rbd_client *rbd_client_create(struct ceph_options *ceph_opts,
					    struct rbd_options *rbd_opts)
{
	struct rbd_client *rbdc;
	int ret = -ENOMEM;

	dout("rbd_client_create\n");
	rbdc = kmalloc(sizeof(struct rbd_client), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!rbdc)
		goto out_opt;

	kref_init(&rbdc->kref);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rbdc->node);

	mutex_lock_nested(&ctl_mutex, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);

	rbdc->client = ceph_create_client(ceph_opts, rbdc, 0, 0);
	if (IS_ERR(rbdc->client))
		goto out_mutex;
	ceph_opts = NULL; /* Now rbdc->client is responsible for ceph_opts */

	ret = ceph_open_session(rbdc->client);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto out_err;

	rbdc->rbd_opts = rbd_opts;

	spin_lock(&rbd_client_list_lock);
	list_add_tail(&rbdc->node, &rbd_client_list);
	spin_unlock(&rbd_client_list_lock);

	mutex_unlock(&ctl_mutex);

	dout("rbd_client_create created %p\n", rbdc);
	return rbdc;

out_err:
	ceph_destroy_client(rbdc->client);
out_mutex:
	mutex_unlock(&ctl_mutex);
	kfree(rbdc);
out_opt:
	if (ceph_opts)
		ceph_destroy_options(ceph_opts);
	return ERR_PTR(ret);
}

/*
 * Find a ceph client with specific addr and configuration.  If
 * found, bump its reference count.
 */
static struct rbd_client *rbd_client_find(struct ceph_options *ceph_opts)
{
	struct rbd_client *client_node;
	bool found = false;

	if (ceph_opts->flags & CEPH_OPT_NOSHARE)
		return NULL;

	spin_lock(&rbd_client_list_lock);
	list_for_each_entry(client_node, &rbd_client_list, node) {
		if (!ceph_compare_options(ceph_opts, client_node->client)) {
			kref_get(&client_node->kref);
			found = true;
			break;
		}
	}
	spin_unlock(&rbd_client_list_lock);

	return found ? client_node : NULL;
}

/*
 * mount options
 */
enum {
	Opt_notify_timeout,
	Opt_last_int,
	/* int args above */
	Opt_last_string,
	/* string args above */
};

static match_table_t rbd_opts_tokens = {
	{Opt_notify_timeout, "notify_timeout=%d"},
	/* int args above */
	/* string args above */
	{-1, NULL}
};

static int parse_rbd_opts_token(char *c, void *private)
{
	struct rbd_options *rbd_opts = private;
	substring_t argstr[MAX_OPT_ARGS];
	int token, intval, ret;

	token = match_token(c, rbd_opts_tokens, argstr);
	if (token < 0)
		return -EINVAL;

	if (token < Opt_last_int) {
		ret = match_int(&argstr[0], &intval);
		if (ret < 0) {
			pr_err("bad mount option arg (not int) "
			       "at '%s'\n", c);
			return ret;
		}
		dout("got int token %d val %d\n", token, intval);
	} else if (token > Opt_last_int && token < Opt_last_string) {
		dout("got string token %d val %s\n", token,
		     argstr[0].from);
	} else {
		dout("got token %d\n", token);
	}

	switch (token) {
	case Opt_notify_timeout:
		rbd_opts->notify_timeout = intval;
		break;
	default:
		BUG_ON(token);
	}
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Get a ceph client with specific addr and configuration, if one does
 * not exist create it.
 */
static struct rbd_client *rbd_get_client(const char *mon_addr,
					 size_t mon_addr_len,
					 char *options)
{
	struct rbd_client *rbdc;
	struct ceph_options *ceph_opts;
	struct rbd_options *rbd_opts;

	rbd_opts = kzalloc(sizeof(*rbd_opts), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!rbd_opts)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	rbd_opts->notify_timeout = RBD_NOTIFY_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT;

	ceph_opts = ceph_parse_options(options, mon_addr,
					mon_addr + mon_addr_len,
					parse_rbd_opts_token, rbd_opts);
	if (IS_ERR(ceph_opts)) {
		kfree(rbd_opts);
		return ERR_CAST(ceph_opts);
	}

	rbdc = rbd_client_find(ceph_opts);
	if (rbdc) {
		/* using an existing client */
		ceph_destroy_options(ceph_opts);
		kfree(rbd_opts);

		return rbdc;
	}

	rbdc = rbd_client_create(ceph_opts, rbd_opts);
	if (IS_ERR(rbdc))
		kfree(rbd_opts);

	return rbdc;
}

/*
 * Destroy ceph client
 *
 * Caller must hold rbd_client_list_lock.
 */
static void rbd_client_release(struct kref *kref)
{
	struct rbd_client *rbdc = container_of(kref, struct rbd_client, kref);

	dout("rbd_release_client %p\n", rbdc);
	spin_lock(&rbd_client_list_lock);
	list_del(&rbdc->node);
	spin_unlock(&rbd_client_list_lock);

	ceph_destroy_client(rbdc->client);
	kfree(rbdc->rbd_opts);
	kfree(rbdc);
}

/*
 * Drop reference to ceph client node. If it's not referenced anymore, release
 * it.
 */
static void rbd_put_client(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	kref_put(&rbd_dev->rbd_client->kref, rbd_client_release);
	rbd_dev->rbd_client = NULL;
}

/*
 * Destroy requests collection
 */
static void rbd_coll_release(struct kref *kref)
{
	struct rbd_req_coll *coll =
		container_of(kref, struct rbd_req_coll, kref);

	dout("rbd_coll_release %p\n", coll);
	kfree(coll);
}

static bool rbd_dev_ondisk_valid(struct rbd_image_header_ondisk *ondisk)
{
	size_t size;
	u32 snap_count;

	/* The header has to start with the magic rbd header text */
	if (memcmp(&ondisk->text, RBD_HEADER_TEXT, sizeof (RBD_HEADER_TEXT)))
		return false;

	/*
	 * The size of a snapshot header has to fit in a size_t, and
	 * that limits the number of snapshots.
	 */
	snap_count = le32_to_cpu(ondisk->snap_count);
	size = SIZE_MAX - sizeof (struct ceph_snap_context);
	if (snap_count > size / sizeof (__le64))
		return false;

	/*
	 * Not only that, but the size of the entire the snapshot
	 * header must also be representable in a size_t.
	 */
	size -= snap_count * sizeof (__le64);
	if ((u64) size < le64_to_cpu(ondisk->snap_names_len))
		return false;

	return true;
}

/*
 * Create a new header structure, translate header format from the on-disk
 * header.
 */
static int rbd_header_from_disk(struct rbd_image_header *header,
				 struct rbd_image_header_ondisk *ondisk)
{
	u32 snap_count;
	size_t len;
	size_t size;

	memset(header, 0, sizeof (*header));

	snap_count = le32_to_cpu(ondisk->snap_count);

	len = strnlen(ondisk->object_prefix, sizeof (ondisk->object_prefix));
	header->object_prefix = kmalloc(len + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!header->object_prefix)
		return -ENOMEM;
	memcpy(header->object_prefix, ondisk->object_prefix, len);
	header->object_prefix[len] = '\0';

	if (snap_count) {
		u64 snap_names_len = le64_to_cpu(ondisk->snap_names_len);

		if (snap_names_len > (u64) SIZE_MAX)
			return -EIO;
		header->snap_names = kmalloc(snap_names_len, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!header->snap_names)
			goto out_err;
		/*
		 * Note that rbd_dev_v1_header_read() guarantees
		 * the ondisk buffer we're working with has
		 * snap_names_len bytes beyond the end of the
		 * snapshot id array, this memcpy() is safe.
		 */
		memcpy(header->snap_names, &ondisk->snaps[snap_count],
			snap_names_len);

		size = snap_count * sizeof (*header->snap_sizes);
		header->snap_sizes = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!header->snap_sizes)
			goto out_err;
	} else {
		WARN_ON(ondisk->snap_names_len);
		header->snap_names = NULL;
		header->snap_sizes = NULL;
	}

	header->image_size = le64_to_cpu(ondisk->image_size);
	header->obj_order = ondisk->options.order;
	header->crypt_type = ondisk->options.crypt_type;
	header->comp_type = ondisk->options.comp_type;
	header->total_snaps = snap_count;

	size = sizeof (struct ceph_snap_context);
	size += snap_count * sizeof (header->snapc->snaps[0]);
	header->snapc = kzalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!header->snapc)
		goto out_err;

	atomic_set(&header->snapc->nref, 1);
	header->snapc->seq = le64_to_cpu(ondisk->snap_seq);
	header->snapc->num_snaps = snap_count;

	/* Fill in the snapshot information */

	if (snap_count) {
		u32 i;

		for (i = 0; i < snap_count; i++) {
			header->snapc->snaps[i] =
				le64_to_cpu(ondisk->snaps[i].id);
			header->snap_sizes[i] =
				le64_to_cpu(ondisk->snaps[i].image_size);
		}
	}

	return 0;

out_err:
	kfree(header->snap_sizes);
	header->snap_sizes = NULL;
	kfree(header->snap_names);
	header->snap_names = NULL;
	kfree(header->object_prefix);
	header->object_prefix = NULL;

	return -ENOMEM;
}

static int snap_by_name(struct rbd_image_header *header, const char *snap_name,
			u64 *seq, u64 *size)
{
	int i;
	char *p = header->snap_names;

	for (i = 0; i < header->total_snaps; i++) {
		if (!strcmp(snap_name, p)) {

			/* Found it.  Pass back its id and/or size */

			if (seq)
				*seq = header->snapc->snaps[i];
			if (size)
				*size = header->snap_sizes[i];
			return i;
		}
		p += strlen(p) + 1;	/* Skip ahead to the next name */
	}
	return -ENOENT;
}

static int rbd_header_set_snap(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev, u64 *size)
{
	int ret;

	down_write(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);

	if (!memcmp(rbd_dev->snap_name, RBD_SNAP_HEAD_NAME,
		    sizeof (RBD_SNAP_HEAD_NAME))) {
		rbd_dev->snap_id = CEPH_NOSNAP;
		rbd_dev->snap_exists = false;
		rbd_dev->read_only = 0;
		if (size)
			*size = rbd_dev->header.image_size;
	} else {
		u64 snap_id = 0;

		ret = snap_by_name(&rbd_dev->header, rbd_dev->snap_name,
					&snap_id, size);
		if (ret < 0)
			goto done;
		rbd_dev->snap_id = snap_id;
		rbd_dev->snap_exists = true;
		rbd_dev->read_only = 1;
	}

	ret = 0;
done:
	up_write(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);
	return ret;
}

static void rbd_header_free(struct rbd_image_header *header)
{
	kfree(header->object_prefix);
	header->object_prefix = NULL;
	kfree(header->snap_sizes);
	header->snap_sizes = NULL;
	kfree(header->snap_names);
	header->snap_names = NULL;
	ceph_put_snap_context(header->snapc);
	header->snapc = NULL;
}

/*
 * get the actual striped segment name, offset and length
 */
static u64 rbd_get_segment(struct rbd_image_header *header,
			   const char *object_prefix,
			   u64 ofs, u64 len,
			   char *seg_name, u64 *segofs)
{
	u64 seg = ofs >> header->obj_order;

	if (seg_name)
		snprintf(seg_name, RBD_MAX_SEG_NAME_LEN,
			 "%s.%012llx", object_prefix, seg);

	ofs = ofs & ((1 << header->obj_order) - 1);
	len = min_t(u64, len, (1 << header->obj_order) - ofs);

	if (segofs)
		*segofs = ofs;

	return len;
}

static int rbd_get_num_segments(struct rbd_image_header *header,
				u64 ofs, u64 len)
{
	u64 start_seg = ofs >> header->obj_order;
	u64 end_seg = (ofs + len - 1) >> header->obj_order;
	return end_seg - start_seg + 1;
}

/*
 * returns the size of an object in the image
 */
static u64 rbd_obj_bytes(struct rbd_image_header *header)
{
	return 1 << header->obj_order;
}

/*
 * bio helpers
 */

static void bio_chain_put(struct bio *chain)
{
	struct bio *tmp;

	while (chain) {
		tmp = chain;
		chain = chain->bi_next;
		bio_put(tmp);
	}
}

/*
 * zeros a bio chain, starting at specific offset
 */
static void zero_bio_chain(struct bio *chain, int start_ofs)
{
	struct bio_vec *bv;
	unsigned long flags;
	void *buf;
	int i;
	int pos = 0;

	while (chain) {
		bio_for_each_segment(bv, chain, i) {
			if (pos + bv->bv_len > start_ofs) {
				int remainder = max(start_ofs - pos, 0);
				buf = bvec_kmap_irq(bv, &flags);
				memset(buf + remainder, 0,
				       bv->bv_len - remainder);
				bvec_kunmap_irq(buf, &flags);
			}
			pos += bv->bv_len;
		}

		chain = chain->bi_next;
	}
}

/*
 * bio_chain_clone - clone a chain of bios up to a certain length.
 * might return a bio_pair that will need to be released.
 */
static struct bio *bio_chain_clone(struct bio **old, struct bio **next,
				   struct bio_pair **bp,
				   int len, gfp_t gfpmask)
{
	struct bio *tmp, *old_chain = *old, *new_chain = NULL, *tail = NULL;
	int total = 0;

	if (*bp) {
		bio_pair_release(*bp);
		*bp = NULL;
	}

	while (old_chain && (total < len)) {
		tmp = bio_kmalloc(gfpmask, old_chain->bi_max_vecs);
		if (!tmp)
			goto err_out;

		if (total + old_chain->bi_size > len) {
			struct bio_pair *bp;

			/*
			 * this split can only happen with a single paged bio,
			 * split_bio will BUG_ON if this is not the case
			 */
			dout("bio_chain_clone split! total=%d remaining=%d"
			     "bi_size=%u\n",
			     total, len - total, old_chain->bi_size);

			/* split the bio. We'll release it either in the next
			   call, or it will have to be released outside */
			bp = bio_split(old_chain, (len - total) / SECTOR_SIZE);
			if (!bp)
				goto err_out;

			__bio_clone(tmp, &bp->bio1);

			*next = &bp->bio2;
		} else {
			__bio_clone(tmp, old_chain);
			*next = old_chain->bi_next;
		}

		tmp->bi_bdev = NULL;
		gfpmask &= ~__GFP_WAIT;
		tmp->bi_next = NULL;

		if (!new_chain) {
			new_chain = tail = tmp;
		} else {
			tail->bi_next = tmp;
			tail = tmp;
		}
		old_chain = old_chain->bi_next;

		total += tmp->bi_size;
	}

	BUG_ON(total < len);

	if (tail)
		tail->bi_next = NULL;

	*old = old_chain;

	return new_chain;

err_out:
	dout("bio_chain_clone with err\n");
	bio_chain_put(new_chain);
	return NULL;
}

/*
 * helpers for osd request op vectors.
 */
static struct ceph_osd_req_op *rbd_create_rw_ops(int num_ops,
					int opcode, u32 payload_len)
{
	struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops;

	ops = kzalloc(sizeof (*ops) * (num_ops + 1), GFP_NOIO);
	if (!ops)
		return NULL;

	ops[0].op = opcode;

	/*
	 * op extent offset and length will be set later on
	 * in calc_raw_layout()
	 */
	ops[0].payload_len = payload_len;

	return ops;
}

static void rbd_destroy_ops(struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops)
{
	kfree(ops);
}

static void rbd_coll_end_req_index(struct request *rq,
				   struct rbd_req_coll *coll,
				   int index,
				   int ret, u64 len)
{
	struct request_queue *q;
	int min, max, i;

	dout("rbd_coll_end_req_index %p index %d ret %d len %llu\n",
	     coll, index, ret, (unsigned long long) len);

	if (!rq)
		return;

	if (!coll) {
		blk_end_request(rq, ret, len);
		return;
	}

	q = rq->q;

	spin_lock_irq(q->queue_lock);
	coll->status[index].done = 1;
	coll->status[index].rc = ret;
	coll->status[index].bytes = len;
	max = min = coll->num_done;
	while (max < coll->total && coll->status[max].done)
		max++;

	for (i = min; i<max; i++) {
		__blk_end_request(rq, coll->status[i].rc,
				  coll->status[i].bytes);
		coll->num_done++;
		kref_put(&coll->kref, rbd_coll_release);
	}
	spin_unlock_irq(q->queue_lock);
}

static void rbd_coll_end_req(struct rbd_request *req,
			     int ret, u64 len)
{
	rbd_coll_end_req_index(req->rq, req->coll, req->coll_index, ret, len);
}

/*
 * Send ceph osd request
 */
static int rbd_do_request(struct request *rq,
			  struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
			  struct ceph_snap_context *snapc,
			  u64 snapid,
			  const char *object_name, u64 ofs, u64 len,
			  struct bio *bio,
			  struct page **pages,
			  int num_pages,
			  int flags,
			  struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops,
			  struct rbd_req_coll *coll,
			  int coll_index,
			  void (*rbd_cb)(struct ceph_osd_request *req,
					 struct ceph_msg *msg),
			  struct ceph_osd_request **linger_req,
			  u64 *ver)
{
	struct ceph_osd_request *req;
	struct ceph_file_layout *layout;
	int ret;
	u64 bno;
	struct timespec mtime = CURRENT_TIME;
	struct rbd_request *req_data;
	struct ceph_osd_request_head *reqhead;
	struct ceph_osd_client *osdc;

	req_data = kzalloc(sizeof(*req_data), GFP_NOIO);
	if (!req_data) {
		if (coll)
			rbd_coll_end_req_index(rq, coll, coll_index,
					       -ENOMEM, len);
		return -ENOMEM;
	}

	if (coll) {
		req_data->coll = coll;
		req_data->coll_index = coll_index;
	}

	dout("rbd_do_request object_name=%s ofs=%llu len=%llu\n", object_name,
		(unsigned long long) ofs, (unsigned long long) len);

	osdc = &rbd_dev->rbd_client->client->osdc;
	req = ceph_osdc_alloc_request(osdc, flags, snapc, ops,
					false, GFP_NOIO, pages, bio);
	if (!req) {
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		goto done_pages;
	}

	req->r_callback = rbd_cb;

	req_data->rq = rq;
	req_data->bio = bio;
	req_data->pages = pages;
	req_data->len = len;

	req->r_priv = req_data;

	reqhead = req->r_request->front.iov_base;
	reqhead->snapid = cpu_to_le64(CEPH_NOSNAP);

	strncpy(req->r_oid, object_name, sizeof(req->r_oid));
	req->r_oid_len = strlen(req->r_oid);

	layout = &req->r_file_layout;
	memset(layout, 0, sizeof(*layout));
	layout->fl_stripe_unit = cpu_to_le32(1 << RBD_MAX_OBJ_ORDER);
	layout->fl_stripe_count = cpu_to_le32(1);
	layout->fl_object_size = cpu_to_le32(1 << RBD_MAX_OBJ_ORDER);
	layout->fl_pg_pool = cpu_to_le32(rbd_dev->pool_id);
	ceph_calc_raw_layout(osdc, layout, snapid, ofs, &len, &bno,
				req, ops);

	ceph_osdc_build_request(req, ofs, &len,
				ops,
				snapc,
				&mtime,
				req->r_oid, req->r_oid_len);

	if (linger_req) {
		ceph_osdc_set_request_linger(osdc, req);
		*linger_req = req;
	}

	ret = ceph_osdc_start_request(osdc, req, false);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto done_err;

	if (!rbd_cb) {
		ret = ceph_osdc_wait_request(osdc, req);
		if (ver)
			*ver = le64_to_cpu(req->r_reassert_version.version);
		dout("reassert_ver=%llu\n",
			(unsigned long long)
				le64_to_cpu(req->r_reassert_version.version));
		ceph_osdc_put_request(req);
	}
	return ret;

done_err:
	bio_chain_put(req_data->bio);
	ceph_osdc_put_request(req);
done_pages:
	rbd_coll_end_req(req_data, ret, len);
	kfree(req_data);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Ceph osd op callback
 */
static void rbd_req_cb(struct ceph_osd_request *req, struct ceph_msg *msg)
{
	struct rbd_request *req_data = req->r_priv;
	struct ceph_osd_reply_head *replyhead;
	struct ceph_osd_op *op;
	__s32 rc;
	u64 bytes;
	int read_op;

	/* parse reply */
	replyhead = msg->front.iov_base;
	WARN_ON(le32_to_cpu(replyhead->num_ops) == 0);
	op = (void *)(replyhead + 1);
	rc = le32_to_cpu(replyhead->result);
	bytes = le64_to_cpu(op->extent.length);
	read_op = (le16_to_cpu(op->op) == CEPH_OSD_OP_READ);

	dout("rbd_req_cb bytes=%llu readop=%d rc=%d\n",
		(unsigned long long) bytes, read_op, (int) rc);

	if (rc == -ENOENT && read_op) {
		zero_bio_chain(req_data->bio, 0);
		rc = 0;
	} else if (rc == 0 && read_op && bytes < req_data->len) {
		zero_bio_chain(req_data->bio, bytes);
		bytes = req_data->len;
	}

	rbd_coll_end_req(req_data, rc, bytes);

	if (req_data->bio)
		bio_chain_put(req_data->bio);

	ceph_osdc_put_request(req);
	kfree(req_data);
}

static void rbd_simple_req_cb(struct ceph_osd_request *req, struct ceph_msg *msg)
{
	ceph_osdc_put_request(req);
}

/*
 * Do a synchronous ceph osd operation
 */
static int rbd_req_sync_op(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
			   struct ceph_snap_context *snapc,
			   u64 snapid,
			   int flags,
			   struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops,
			   const char *object_name,
			   u64 ofs, u64 len,
			   char *buf,
			   struct ceph_osd_request **linger_req,
			   u64 *ver)
{
	int ret;
	struct page **pages;
	int num_pages;

	BUG_ON(ops == NULL);

	num_pages = calc_pages_for(ofs , len);
	pages = ceph_alloc_page_vector(num_pages, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (IS_ERR(pages))
		return PTR_ERR(pages);

	ret = rbd_do_request(NULL, rbd_dev, snapc, snapid,
			  object_name, ofs, len, NULL,
			  pages, num_pages,
			  flags,
			  ops,
			  NULL, 0,
			  NULL,
			  linger_req, ver);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto done;

	if ((flags & CEPH_OSD_FLAG_READ) && buf)
		ret = ceph_copy_from_page_vector(pages, buf, ofs, ret);

done:
	ceph_release_page_vector(pages, num_pages);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Do an asynchronous ceph osd operation
 */
static int rbd_do_op(struct request *rq,
		     struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
		     struct ceph_snap_context *snapc,
		     u64 snapid,
		     int opcode, int flags,
		     u64 ofs, u64 len,
		     struct bio *bio,
		     struct rbd_req_coll *coll,
		     int coll_index)
{
	char *seg_name;
	u64 seg_ofs;
	u64 seg_len;
	int ret;
	struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops;
	u32 payload_len;

	seg_name = kmalloc(RBD_MAX_SEG_NAME_LEN + 1, GFP_NOIO);
	if (!seg_name)
		return -ENOMEM;

	seg_len = rbd_get_segment(&rbd_dev->header,
				  rbd_dev->header.object_prefix,
				  ofs, len,
				  seg_name, &seg_ofs);

	payload_len = (flags & CEPH_OSD_FLAG_WRITE ? seg_len : 0);

	ret = -ENOMEM;
	ops = rbd_create_rw_ops(1, opcode, payload_len);
	if (!ops)
		goto done;

	/* we've taken care of segment sizes earlier when we
	   cloned the bios. We should never have a segment
	   truncated at this point */
	BUG_ON(seg_len < len);

	ret = rbd_do_request(rq, rbd_dev, snapc, snapid,
			     seg_name, seg_ofs, seg_len,
			     bio,
			     NULL, 0,
			     flags,
			     ops,
			     coll, coll_index,
			     rbd_req_cb, 0, NULL);

	rbd_destroy_ops(ops);
done:
	kfree(seg_name);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Request async osd write
 */
static int rbd_req_write(struct request *rq,
			 struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
			 struct ceph_snap_context *snapc,
			 u64 ofs, u64 len,
			 struct bio *bio,
			 struct rbd_req_coll *coll,
			 int coll_index)
{
	return rbd_do_op(rq, rbd_dev, snapc, CEPH_NOSNAP,
			 CEPH_OSD_OP_WRITE,
			 CEPH_OSD_FLAG_WRITE | CEPH_OSD_FLAG_ONDISK,
			 ofs, len, bio, coll, coll_index);
}

/*
 * Request async osd read
 */
static int rbd_req_read(struct request *rq,
			 struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
			 u64 snapid,
			 u64 ofs, u64 len,
			 struct bio *bio,
			 struct rbd_req_coll *coll,
			 int coll_index)
{
	return rbd_do_op(rq, rbd_dev, NULL,
			 snapid,
			 CEPH_OSD_OP_READ,
			 CEPH_OSD_FLAG_READ,
			 ofs, len, bio, coll, coll_index);
}

/*
 * Request sync osd read
 */
static int rbd_req_sync_read(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
			  u64 snapid,
			  const char *object_name,
			  u64 ofs, u64 len,
			  char *buf,
			  u64 *ver)
{
	struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops;
	int ret;

	ops = rbd_create_rw_ops(1, CEPH_OSD_OP_READ, 0);
	if (!ops)
		return -ENOMEM;

	ret = rbd_req_sync_op(rbd_dev, NULL,
			       snapid,
			       CEPH_OSD_FLAG_READ,
			       ops, object_name, ofs, len, buf, NULL, ver);
	rbd_destroy_ops(ops);

	return ret;
}

/*
 * Request sync osd watch
 */
static int rbd_req_sync_notify_ack(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
				   u64 ver,
				   u64 notify_id)
{
	struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops;
	int ret;

	ops = rbd_create_rw_ops(1, CEPH_OSD_OP_NOTIFY_ACK, 0);
	if (!ops)
		return -ENOMEM;

	ops[0].watch.ver = cpu_to_le64(ver);
	ops[0].watch.cookie = notify_id;
	ops[0].watch.flag = 0;

	ret = rbd_do_request(NULL, rbd_dev, NULL, CEPH_NOSNAP,
			  rbd_dev->header_name, 0, 0, NULL,
			  NULL, 0,
			  CEPH_OSD_FLAG_READ,
			  ops,
			  NULL, 0,
			  rbd_simple_req_cb, 0, NULL);

	rbd_destroy_ops(ops);
	return ret;
}

static void rbd_watch_cb(u64 ver, u64 notify_id, u8 opcode, void *data)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = (struct rbd_device *)data;
	u64 hver;
	int rc;

	if (!rbd_dev)
		return;

	dout("rbd_watch_cb %s notify_id=%llu opcode=%u\n",
		rbd_dev->header_name, (unsigned long long) notify_id,
		(unsigned int) opcode);
	rc = rbd_refresh_header(rbd_dev, &hver);
	if (rc)
		pr_warning(RBD_DRV_NAME "%d got notification but failed to "
			   " update snaps: %d\n", rbd_dev->major, rc);

	rbd_req_sync_notify_ack(rbd_dev, hver, notify_id);
}

/*
 * Request sync osd watch
 */
static int rbd_req_sync_watch(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops;
	struct ceph_osd_client *osdc = &rbd_dev->rbd_client->client->osdc;
	int ret;

	ops = rbd_create_rw_ops(1, CEPH_OSD_OP_WATCH, 0);
	if (!ops)
		return -ENOMEM;

	ret = ceph_osdc_create_event(osdc, rbd_watch_cb, 0,
				     (void *)rbd_dev, &rbd_dev->watch_event);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto fail;

	ops[0].watch.ver = cpu_to_le64(rbd_dev->header.obj_version);
	ops[0].watch.cookie = cpu_to_le64(rbd_dev->watch_event->cookie);
	ops[0].watch.flag = 1;

	ret = rbd_req_sync_op(rbd_dev, NULL,
			      CEPH_NOSNAP,
			      CEPH_OSD_FLAG_WRITE | CEPH_OSD_FLAG_ONDISK,
			      ops,
			      rbd_dev->header_name,
			      0, 0, NULL,
			      &rbd_dev->watch_request, NULL);

	if (ret < 0)
		goto fail_event;

	rbd_destroy_ops(ops);
	return 0;

fail_event:
	ceph_osdc_cancel_event(rbd_dev->watch_event);
	rbd_dev->watch_event = NULL;
fail:
	rbd_destroy_ops(ops);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Request sync osd unwatch
 */
static int rbd_req_sync_unwatch(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops;
	int ret;

	ops = rbd_create_rw_ops(1, CEPH_OSD_OP_WATCH, 0);
	if (!ops)
		return -ENOMEM;

	ops[0].watch.ver = 0;
	ops[0].watch.cookie = cpu_to_le64(rbd_dev->watch_event->cookie);
	ops[0].watch.flag = 0;

	ret = rbd_req_sync_op(rbd_dev, NULL,
			      CEPH_NOSNAP,
			      CEPH_OSD_FLAG_WRITE | CEPH_OSD_FLAG_ONDISK,
			      ops,
			      rbd_dev->header_name,
			      0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);


	rbd_destroy_ops(ops);
	ceph_osdc_cancel_event(rbd_dev->watch_event);
	rbd_dev->watch_event = NULL;
	return ret;
}

struct rbd_notify_info {
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev;
};

static void rbd_notify_cb(u64 ver, u64 notify_id, u8 opcode, void *data)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = (struct rbd_device *)data;
	if (!rbd_dev)
		return;

	dout("rbd_notify_cb %s notify_id=%llu opcode=%u\n",
			rbd_dev->header_name, (unsigned long long) notify_id,
			(unsigned int) opcode);
}

/*
 * Request sync osd notify
 */
static int rbd_req_sync_notify(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops;
	struct ceph_osd_client *osdc = &rbd_dev->rbd_client->client->osdc;
	struct ceph_osd_event *event;
	struct rbd_notify_info info;
	int payload_len = sizeof(u32) + sizeof(u32);
	int ret;

	ops = rbd_create_rw_ops(1, CEPH_OSD_OP_NOTIFY, payload_len);
	if (!ops)
		return -ENOMEM;

	info.rbd_dev = rbd_dev;

	ret = ceph_osdc_create_event(osdc, rbd_notify_cb, 1,
				     (void *)&info, &event);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto fail;

	ops[0].watch.ver = 1;
	ops[0].watch.flag = 1;
	ops[0].watch.cookie = event->cookie;
	ops[0].watch.prot_ver = RADOS_NOTIFY_VER;
	ops[0].watch.timeout = 12;

	ret = rbd_req_sync_op(rbd_dev, NULL,
			       CEPH_NOSNAP,
			       CEPH_OSD_FLAG_WRITE | CEPH_OSD_FLAG_ONDISK,
			       ops,
			       rbd_dev->header_name,
			       0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto fail_event;

	ret = ceph_osdc_wait_event(event, CEPH_OSD_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT);
	dout("ceph_osdc_wait_event returned %d\n", ret);
	rbd_destroy_ops(ops);
	return 0;

fail_event:
	ceph_osdc_cancel_event(event);
fail:
	rbd_destroy_ops(ops);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Request sync osd read
 */
static int rbd_req_sync_exec(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
			     const char *object_name,
			     const char *class_name,
			     const char *method_name,
			     const char *data,
			     int len,
			     u64 *ver)
{
	struct ceph_osd_req_op *ops;
	int class_name_len = strlen(class_name);
	int method_name_len = strlen(method_name);
	int ret;

	ops = rbd_create_rw_ops(1, CEPH_OSD_OP_CALL,
				    class_name_len + method_name_len + len);
	if (!ops)
		return -ENOMEM;

	ops[0].cls.class_name = class_name;
	ops[0].cls.class_len = (__u8) class_name_len;
	ops[0].cls.method_name = method_name;
	ops[0].cls.method_len = (__u8) method_name_len;
	ops[0].cls.argc = 0;
	ops[0].cls.indata = data;
	ops[0].cls.indata_len = len;

	ret = rbd_req_sync_op(rbd_dev, NULL,
			       CEPH_NOSNAP,
			       CEPH_OSD_FLAG_WRITE | CEPH_OSD_FLAG_ONDISK,
			       ops,
			       object_name, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, ver);

	rbd_destroy_ops(ops);

	dout("cls_exec returned %d\n", ret);
	return ret;
}

static struct rbd_req_coll *rbd_alloc_coll(int num_reqs)
{
	struct rbd_req_coll *coll =
			kzalloc(sizeof(struct rbd_req_coll) +
			        sizeof(struct rbd_req_status) * num_reqs,
				GFP_ATOMIC);

	if (!coll)
		return NULL;
	coll->total = num_reqs;
	kref_init(&coll->kref);
	return coll;
}

/*
 * block device queue callback
 */
static void rbd_rq_fn(struct request_queue *q)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = q->queuedata;
	struct request *rq;
	struct bio_pair *bp = NULL;

	while ((rq = blk_fetch_request(q))) {
		struct bio *bio;
		struct bio *rq_bio, *next_bio = NULL;
		bool do_write;
		unsigned int size;
		u64 op_size = 0;
		u64 ofs;
		int num_segs, cur_seg = 0;
		struct rbd_req_coll *coll;
		struct ceph_snap_context *snapc;

		/* peek at request from block layer */
		if (!rq)
			break;

		dout("fetched request\n");

		/* filter out block requests we don't understand */
		if ((rq->cmd_type != REQ_TYPE_FS)) {
			__blk_end_request_all(rq, 0);
			continue;
		}

		/* deduce our operation (read, write) */
		do_write = (rq_data_dir(rq) == WRITE);

		size = blk_rq_bytes(rq);
		ofs = blk_rq_pos(rq) * SECTOR_SIZE;
		rq_bio = rq->bio;
		if (do_write && rbd_dev->read_only) {
			__blk_end_request_all(rq, -EROFS);
			continue;
		}

		spin_unlock_irq(q->queue_lock);

		down_read(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);

		if (rbd_dev->snap_id != CEPH_NOSNAP && !rbd_dev->snap_exists) {
			up_read(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);
			dout("request for non-existent snapshot");
			spin_lock_irq(q->queue_lock);
			__blk_end_request_all(rq, -ENXIO);
			continue;
		}

		snapc = ceph_get_snap_context(rbd_dev->header.snapc);

		up_read(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);

		dout("%s 0x%x bytes at 0x%llx\n",
		     do_write ? "write" : "read",
		     size, (unsigned long long) blk_rq_pos(rq) * SECTOR_SIZE);

		num_segs = rbd_get_num_segments(&rbd_dev->header, ofs, size);
		coll = rbd_alloc_coll(num_segs);
		if (!coll) {
			spin_lock_irq(q->queue_lock);
			__blk_end_request_all(rq, -ENOMEM);
			ceph_put_snap_context(snapc);
			continue;
		}

		do {
			/* a bio clone to be passed down to OSD req */
			dout("rq->bio->bi_vcnt=%hu\n", rq->bio->bi_vcnt);
			op_size = rbd_get_segment(&rbd_dev->header,
						  rbd_dev->header.object_prefix,
						  ofs, size,
						  NULL, NULL);
			kref_get(&coll->kref);
			bio = bio_chain_clone(&rq_bio, &next_bio, &bp,
					      op_size, GFP_ATOMIC);
			if (!bio) {
				rbd_coll_end_req_index(rq, coll, cur_seg,
						       -ENOMEM, op_size);
				goto next_seg;
			}


			/* init OSD command: write or read */
			if (do_write)
				rbd_req_write(rq, rbd_dev,
					      snapc,
					      ofs,
					      op_size, bio,
					      coll, cur_seg);
			else
				rbd_req_read(rq, rbd_dev,
					     rbd_dev->snap_id,
					     ofs,
					     op_size, bio,
					     coll, cur_seg);

next_seg:
			size -= op_size;
			ofs += op_size;

			cur_seg++;
			rq_bio = next_bio;
		} while (size > 0);
		kref_put(&coll->kref, rbd_coll_release);

		if (bp)
			bio_pair_release(bp);
		spin_lock_irq(q->queue_lock);

		ceph_put_snap_context(snapc);
	}
}

/*
 * a queue callback. Makes sure that we don't create a bio that spans across
 * multiple osd objects. One exception would be with a single page bios,
 * which we handle later at bio_chain_clone
 */
static int rbd_merge_bvec(struct request_queue *q, struct bvec_merge_data *bmd,
			  struct bio_vec *bvec)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = q->queuedata;
	unsigned int chunk_sectors;
	sector_t sector;
	unsigned int bio_sectors;
	int max;

	chunk_sectors = 1 << (rbd_dev->header.obj_order - SECTOR_SHIFT);
	sector = bmd->bi_sector + get_start_sect(bmd->bi_bdev);
	bio_sectors = bmd->bi_size >> SECTOR_SHIFT;

	max =  (chunk_sectors - ((sector & (chunk_sectors - 1))
				 + bio_sectors)) << SECTOR_SHIFT;
	if (max < 0)
		max = 0; /* bio_add cannot handle a negative return */
	if (max <= bvec->bv_len && bio_sectors == 0)
		return bvec->bv_len;
	return max;
}

static void rbd_free_disk(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	struct gendisk *disk = rbd_dev->disk;

	if (!disk)
		return;

	rbd_header_free(&rbd_dev->header);

	if (disk->flags & GENHD_FL_UP)
		del_gendisk(disk);
	if (disk->queue)
		blk_cleanup_queue(disk->queue);
	put_disk(disk);
}

/*
 * Read the complete header for the given rbd device.
 *
 * Returns a pointer to a dynamically-allocated buffer containing
 * the complete and validated header.  Caller can pass the address
 * of a variable that will be filled in with the version of the
 * header object at the time it was read.
 *
 * Returns a pointer-coded errno if a failure occurs.
 */
static struct rbd_image_header_ondisk *
rbd_dev_v1_header_read(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev, u64 *version)
{
	struct rbd_image_header_ondisk *ondisk = NULL;
	u32 snap_count = 0;
	u64 names_size = 0;
	u32 want_count;
	int ret;

	/*
	 * The complete header will include an array of its 64-bit
	 * snapshot ids, followed by the names of those snapshots as
	 * a contiguous block of NUL-terminated strings.  Note that
	 * the number of snapshots could change by the time we read
	 * it in, in which case we re-read it.
	 */
	do {
		size_t size;

		kfree(ondisk);

		size = sizeof (*ondisk);
		size += snap_count * sizeof (struct rbd_image_snap_ondisk);
		size += names_size;
		ondisk = kmalloc(size, GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!ondisk)
			return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

		ret = rbd_req_sync_read(rbd_dev, CEPH_NOSNAP,
				       rbd_dev->header_name,
				       0, size,
				       (char *) ondisk, version);

		if (ret < 0)
			goto out_err;
		if (WARN_ON((size_t) ret < size)) {
			ret = -ENXIO;
			pr_warning("short header read for image %s"
					" (want %zd got %d)\n",
				rbd_dev->image_name, size, ret);
			goto out_err;
		}
		if (!rbd_dev_ondisk_valid(ondisk)) {
			ret = -ENXIO;
			pr_warning("invalid header for image %s\n",
				rbd_dev->image_name);
			goto out_err;
		}

		names_size = le64_to_cpu(ondisk->snap_names_len);
		want_count = snap_count;
		snap_count = le32_to_cpu(ondisk->snap_count);
	} while (snap_count != want_count);

	return ondisk;

out_err:
	kfree(ondisk);

	return ERR_PTR(ret);
}

/*
 * reload the ondisk the header
 */
static int rbd_read_header(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
			   struct rbd_image_header *header)
{
	struct rbd_image_header_ondisk *ondisk;
	u64 ver = 0;
	int ret;

	ondisk = rbd_dev_v1_header_read(rbd_dev, &ver);
	if (IS_ERR(ondisk))
		return PTR_ERR(ondisk);
	ret = rbd_header_from_disk(header, ondisk);
	if (ret >= 0)
		header->obj_version = ver;
	kfree(ondisk);

	return ret;
}

/*
 * create a snapshot
 */
static int rbd_header_add_snap(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
			       const char *snap_name,
			       gfp_t gfp_flags)
{
	int name_len = strlen(snap_name);
	u64 new_snapid;
	int ret;
	void *data, *p, *e;
	struct ceph_mon_client *monc;

	/* we should create a snapshot only if we're pointing at the head */
	if (rbd_dev->snap_id != CEPH_NOSNAP)
		return -EINVAL;

	monc = &rbd_dev->rbd_client->client->monc;
	ret = ceph_monc_create_snapid(monc, rbd_dev->pool_id, &new_snapid);
	dout("created snapid=%llu\n", (unsigned long long) new_snapid);
	if (ret < 0)
		return ret;

	data = kmalloc(name_len + 16, gfp_flags);
	if (!data)
		return -ENOMEM;

	p = data;
	e = data + name_len + 16;

	ceph_encode_string_safe(&p, e, snap_name, name_len, bad);
	ceph_encode_64_safe(&p, e, new_snapid, bad);

	ret = rbd_req_sync_exec(rbd_dev, rbd_dev->header_name,
				"rbd", "snap_add",
				data, p - data, NULL);

	kfree(data);

	return ret < 0 ? ret : 0;
bad:
	return -ERANGE;
}

static void __rbd_remove_all_snaps(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	struct rbd_snap *snap;
	struct rbd_snap *next;

	list_for_each_entry_safe(snap, next, &rbd_dev->snaps, node)
		__rbd_remove_snap_dev(snap);
}

/*
 * only read the first part of the ondisk header, without the snaps info
 */
static int __rbd_refresh_header(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev, u64 *hver)
{
	int ret;
	struct rbd_image_header h;

	ret = rbd_read_header(rbd_dev, &h);
	if (ret < 0)
		return ret;

	down_write(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);

	/* resized? */
	if (rbd_dev->snap_id == CEPH_NOSNAP) {
		sector_t size = (sector_t) h.image_size / SECTOR_SIZE;

		dout("setting size to %llu sectors", (unsigned long long) size);
		set_capacity(rbd_dev->disk, size);
	}

	/* rbd_dev->header.object_prefix shouldn't change */
	kfree(rbd_dev->header.snap_sizes);
	kfree(rbd_dev->header.snap_names);
	/* osd requests may still refer to snapc */
	ceph_put_snap_context(rbd_dev->header.snapc);

	if (hver)
		*hver = h.obj_version;
	rbd_dev->header.obj_version = h.obj_version;
	rbd_dev->header.image_size = h.image_size;
	rbd_dev->header.total_snaps = h.total_snaps;
	rbd_dev->header.snapc = h.snapc;
	rbd_dev->header.snap_names = h.snap_names;
	rbd_dev->header.snap_sizes = h.snap_sizes;
	/* Free the extra copy of the object prefix */
	WARN_ON(strcmp(rbd_dev->header.object_prefix, h.object_prefix));
	kfree(h.object_prefix);

	ret = __rbd_init_snaps_header(rbd_dev);

	up_write(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);

	return ret;
}

static int rbd_refresh_header(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev, u64 *hver)
{
	int ret;

	mutex_lock_nested(&ctl_mutex, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
	ret = __rbd_refresh_header(rbd_dev, hver);
	mutex_unlock(&ctl_mutex);

	return ret;
}

static int rbd_init_disk(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	struct gendisk *disk;
	struct request_queue *q;
	int rc;
	u64 segment_size;
	u64 total_size = 0;

	/* contact OSD, request size info about the object being mapped */
	rc = rbd_read_header(rbd_dev, &rbd_dev->header);
	if (rc)
		return rc;

	/* no need to lock here, as rbd_dev is not registered yet */
	rc = __rbd_init_snaps_header(rbd_dev);
	if (rc)
		return rc;

	rc = rbd_header_set_snap(rbd_dev, &total_size);
	if (rc)
		return rc;

	/* create gendisk info */
	rc = -ENOMEM;
	disk = alloc_disk(RBD_MINORS_PER_MAJOR);
	if (!disk)
		goto out;

	snprintf(disk->disk_name, sizeof(disk->disk_name), RBD_DRV_NAME "%d",
		 rbd_dev->dev_id);
	disk->major = rbd_dev->major;
	disk->first_minor = 0;
	disk->fops = &rbd_bd_ops;
	disk->private_data = rbd_dev;

	/* init rq */
	rc = -ENOMEM;
	q = blk_init_queue(rbd_rq_fn, &rbd_dev->lock);
	if (!q)
		goto out_disk;

	/* We use the default size, but let's be explicit about it. */
	blk_queue_physical_block_size(q, SECTOR_SIZE);

	/* set io sizes to object size */
	segment_size = rbd_obj_bytes(&rbd_dev->header);
	blk_queue_max_hw_sectors(q, segment_size / SECTOR_SIZE);
	blk_queue_max_segment_size(q, segment_size);
	blk_queue_io_min(q, segment_size);
	blk_queue_io_opt(q, segment_size);

	blk_queue_merge_bvec(q, rbd_merge_bvec);
	disk->queue = q;

	q->queuedata = rbd_dev;

	rbd_dev->disk = disk;
	rbd_dev->q = q;

	/* finally, announce the disk to the world */
	set_capacity(disk, total_size / SECTOR_SIZE);
	add_disk(disk);

	pr_info("%s: added with size 0x%llx\n",
		disk->disk_name, (unsigned long long)total_size);
	return 0;

out_disk:
	put_disk(disk);
out:
	return rc;
}

/*
  sysfs
*/

static struct rbd_device *dev_to_rbd_dev(struct device *dev)
{
	return container_of(dev, struct rbd_device, dev);
}

static ssize_t rbd_size_show(struct device *dev,
			     struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);
	sector_t size;

	down_read(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);
	size = get_capacity(rbd_dev->disk);
	up_read(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);

	return sprintf(buf, "%llu\n", (unsigned long long) size * SECTOR_SIZE);
}

static ssize_t rbd_major_show(struct device *dev,
			      struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", rbd_dev->major);
}

static ssize_t rbd_client_id_show(struct device *dev,
				  struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "client%lld\n",
			ceph_client_id(rbd_dev->rbd_client->client));
}

static ssize_t rbd_pool_show(struct device *dev,
			     struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "%s\n", rbd_dev->pool_name);
}

static ssize_t rbd_pool_id_show(struct device *dev,
			     struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", rbd_dev->pool_id);
}

static ssize_t rbd_name_show(struct device *dev,
			     struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "%s\n", rbd_dev->image_name);
}

static ssize_t rbd_snap_show(struct device *dev,
			     struct device_attribute *attr,
			     char *buf)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "%s\n", rbd_dev->snap_name);
}

static ssize_t rbd_image_refresh(struct device *dev,
				 struct device_attribute *attr,
				 const char *buf,
				 size_t size)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);
	int ret;

	ret = rbd_refresh_header(rbd_dev, NULL);

	return ret < 0 ? ret : size;
}

static DEVICE_ATTR(size, S_IRUGO, rbd_size_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(major, S_IRUGO, rbd_major_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(client_id, S_IRUGO, rbd_client_id_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(pool, S_IRUGO, rbd_pool_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(pool_id, S_IRUGO, rbd_pool_id_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(name, S_IRUGO, rbd_name_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(refresh, S_IWUSR, NULL, rbd_image_refresh);
static DEVICE_ATTR(current_snap, S_IRUGO, rbd_snap_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(create_snap, S_IWUSR, NULL, rbd_snap_add);

static struct attribute *rbd_attrs[] = {
	&dev_attr_size.attr,
	&dev_attr_major.attr,
	&dev_attr_client_id.attr,
	&dev_attr_pool.attr,
	&dev_attr_pool_id.attr,
	&dev_attr_name.attr,
	&dev_attr_current_snap.attr,
	&dev_attr_refresh.attr,
	&dev_attr_create_snap.attr,
	NULL
};

static struct attribute_group rbd_attr_group = {
	.attrs = rbd_attrs,
};

static const struct attribute_group *rbd_attr_groups[] = {
	&rbd_attr_group,
	NULL
};

static void rbd_sysfs_dev_release(struct device *dev)
{
}

static struct device_type rbd_device_type = {
	.name		= "rbd",
	.groups		= rbd_attr_groups,
	.release	= rbd_sysfs_dev_release,
};


/*
  sysfs - snapshots
*/

static ssize_t rbd_snap_size_show(struct device *dev,
				  struct device_attribute *attr,
				  char *buf)
{
	struct rbd_snap *snap = container_of(dev, struct rbd_snap, dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "%llu\n", (unsigned long long)snap->size);
}

static ssize_t rbd_snap_id_show(struct device *dev,
				struct device_attribute *attr,
				char *buf)
{
	struct rbd_snap *snap = container_of(dev, struct rbd_snap, dev);

	return sprintf(buf, "%llu\n", (unsigned long long)snap->id);
}

static DEVICE_ATTR(snap_size, S_IRUGO, rbd_snap_size_show, NULL);
static DEVICE_ATTR(snap_id, S_IRUGO, rbd_snap_id_show, NULL);

static struct attribute *rbd_snap_attrs[] = {
	&dev_attr_snap_size.attr,
	&dev_attr_snap_id.attr,
	NULL,
};

static struct attribute_group rbd_snap_attr_group = {
	.attrs = rbd_snap_attrs,
};

static void rbd_snap_dev_release(struct device *dev)
{
	struct rbd_snap *snap = container_of(dev, struct rbd_snap, dev);
	kfree(snap->name);
	kfree(snap);
}

static const struct attribute_group *rbd_snap_attr_groups[] = {
	&rbd_snap_attr_group,
	NULL
};

static struct device_type rbd_snap_device_type = {
	.groups		= rbd_snap_attr_groups,
	.release	= rbd_snap_dev_release,
};

static void __rbd_remove_snap_dev(struct rbd_snap *snap)
{
	list_del(&snap->node);
	device_unregister(&snap->dev);
}

static int rbd_register_snap_dev(struct rbd_snap *snap,
				  struct device *parent)
{
	struct device *dev = &snap->dev;
	int ret;

	dev->type = &rbd_snap_device_type;
	dev->parent = parent;
	dev->release = rbd_snap_dev_release;
	dev_set_name(dev, "snap_%s", snap->name);
	ret = device_register(dev);

	return ret;
}

static struct rbd_snap *__rbd_add_snap_dev(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
					      int i, const char *name)
{
	struct rbd_snap *snap;
	int ret;

	snap = kzalloc(sizeof (*snap), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!snap)
		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

	ret = -ENOMEM;
	snap->name = kstrdup(name, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!snap->name)
		goto err;

	snap->size = rbd_dev->header.snap_sizes[i];
	snap->id = rbd_dev->header.snapc->snaps[i];
	if (device_is_registered(&rbd_dev->dev)) {
		ret = rbd_register_snap_dev(snap, &rbd_dev->dev);
		if (ret < 0)
			goto err;
	}

	return snap;

err:
	kfree(snap->name);
	kfree(snap);

	return ERR_PTR(ret);
}

/*
 * Scan the rbd device's current snapshot list and compare it to the
 * newly-received snapshot context.  Remove any existing snapshots
 * not present in the new snapshot context.  Add a new snapshot for
 * any snaphots in the snapshot context not in the current list.
 * And verify there are no changes to snapshots we already know
 * about.
 *
 * Assumes the snapshots in the snapshot context are sorted by
 * snapshot id, highest id first.  (Snapshots in the rbd_dev's list
 * are also maintained in that order.)
 */
static int __rbd_init_snaps_header(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	struct ceph_snap_context *snapc = rbd_dev->header.snapc;
	const u32 snap_count = snapc->num_snaps;
	char *snap_name = rbd_dev->header.snap_names;
	struct list_head *head = &rbd_dev->snaps;
	struct list_head *links = head->next;
	u32 index = 0;

	while (index < snap_count || links != head) {
		u64 snap_id;
		struct rbd_snap *snap;

		snap_id = index < snap_count ? snapc->snaps[index]
					     : CEPH_NOSNAP;
		snap = links != head ? list_entry(links, struct rbd_snap, node)
				     : NULL;
		BUG_ON(snap && snap->id == CEPH_NOSNAP);

		if (snap_id == CEPH_NOSNAP || (snap && snap->id > snap_id)) {
			struct list_head *next = links->next;

			/* Existing snapshot not in the new snap context */

			if (rbd_dev->snap_id == snap->id)
				rbd_dev->snap_exists = false;
			__rbd_remove_snap_dev(snap);

			/* Done with this list entry; advance */

			links = next;
			continue;
		}

		if (!snap || (snap_id != CEPH_NOSNAP && snap->id < snap_id)) {
			struct rbd_snap *new_snap;

			/* We haven't seen this snapshot before */

			new_snap = __rbd_add_snap_dev(rbd_dev, index,
							snap_name);
			if (IS_ERR(new_snap))
				return PTR_ERR(new_snap);

			/* New goes before existing, or at end of list */

			if (snap)
				list_add_tail(&new_snap->node, &snap->node);
			else
				list_add_tail(&new_snap->node, head);
		} else {
			/* Already have this one */

			BUG_ON(snap->size != rbd_dev->header.snap_sizes[index]);
			BUG_ON(strcmp(snap->name, snap_name));

			/* Done with this list entry; advance */

			links = links->next;
		}

		/* Advance to the next entry in the snapshot context */

		index++;
		snap_name += strlen(snap_name) + 1;
	}

	return 0;
}

static int rbd_bus_add_dev(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	int ret;
	struct device *dev;
	struct rbd_snap *snap;

	mutex_lock_nested(&ctl_mutex, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
	dev = &rbd_dev->dev;

	dev->bus = &rbd_bus_type;
	dev->type = &rbd_device_type;
	dev->parent = &rbd_root_dev;
	dev->release = rbd_dev_release;
	dev_set_name(dev, "%d", rbd_dev->dev_id);
	ret = device_register(dev);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto out;

	list_for_each_entry(snap, &rbd_dev->snaps, node) {
		ret = rbd_register_snap_dev(snap, &rbd_dev->dev);
		if (ret < 0)
			break;
	}
out:
	mutex_unlock(&ctl_mutex);
	return ret;
}

static void rbd_bus_del_dev(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	device_unregister(&rbd_dev->dev);
}

static int rbd_init_watch_dev(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	int ret, rc;

	do {
		ret = rbd_req_sync_watch(rbd_dev);
		if (ret == -ERANGE) {
			rc = rbd_refresh_header(rbd_dev, NULL);
			if (rc < 0)
				return rc;
		}
	} while (ret == -ERANGE);

	return ret;
}

static atomic64_t rbd_id_max = ATOMIC64_INIT(0);

/*
 * Get a unique rbd identifier for the given new rbd_dev, and add
 * the rbd_dev to the global list.  The minimum rbd id is 1.
 */
static void rbd_id_get(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	rbd_dev->dev_id = atomic64_inc_return(&rbd_id_max);

	spin_lock(&rbd_dev_list_lock);
	list_add_tail(&rbd_dev->node, &rbd_dev_list);
	spin_unlock(&rbd_dev_list_lock);
}

/*
 * Remove an rbd_dev from the global list, and record that its
 * identifier is no longer in use.
 */
static void rbd_id_put(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev)
{
	struct list_head *tmp;
	int rbd_id = rbd_dev->dev_id;
	int max_id;

	BUG_ON(rbd_id < 1);

	spin_lock(&rbd_dev_list_lock);
	list_del_init(&rbd_dev->node);

	/*
	 * If the id being "put" is not the current maximum, there
	 * is nothing special we need to do.
	 */
	if (rbd_id != atomic64_read(&rbd_id_max)) {
		spin_unlock(&rbd_dev_list_lock);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * We need to update the current maximum id.  Search the
	 * list to find out what it is.  We're more likely to find
	 * the maximum at the end, so search the list backward.
	 */
	max_id = 0;
	list_for_each_prev(tmp, &rbd_dev_list) {
		struct rbd_device *rbd_dev;

		rbd_dev = list_entry(tmp, struct rbd_device, node);
		if (rbd_id > max_id)
			max_id = rbd_id;
	}
	spin_unlock(&rbd_dev_list_lock);

	/*
	 * The max id could have been updated by rbd_id_get(), in
	 * which case it now accurately reflects the new maximum.
	 * Be careful not to overwrite the maximum value in that
	 * case.
	 */
	atomic64_cmpxchg(&rbd_id_max, rbd_id, max_id);
}

/*
 * Skips over white space at *buf, and updates *buf to point to the
 * first found non-space character (if any). Returns the length of
 * the token (string of non-white space characters) found.  Note
 * that *buf must be terminated with '\0'.
 */
static inline size_t next_token(const char **buf)
{
        /*
        * These are the characters that produce nonzero for
        * isspace() in the "C" and "POSIX" locales.
        */
        const char *spaces = " \f\n\r\t\v";

        *buf += strspn(*buf, spaces);	/* Find start of token */

	return strcspn(*buf, spaces);   /* Return token length */
}

/*
 * Finds the next token in *buf, and if the provided token buffer is
 * big enough, copies the found token into it.  The result, if
 * copied, is guaranteed to be terminated with '\0'.  Note that *buf
 * must be terminated with '\0' on entry.
 *
 * Returns the length of the token found (not including the '\0').
 * Return value will be 0 if no token is found, and it will be >=
 * token_size if the token would not fit.
 *
 * The *buf pointer will be updated to point beyond the end of the
 * found token.  Note that this occurs even if the token buffer is
 * too small to hold it.
 */
static inline size_t copy_token(const char **buf,
				char *token,
				size_t token_size)
{
        size_t len;

	len = next_token(buf);
	if (len < token_size) {
		memcpy(token, *buf, len);
		*(token + len) = '\0';
	}
	*buf += len;

        return len;
}

/*
 * Finds the next token in *buf, dynamically allocates a buffer big
 * enough to hold a copy of it, and copies the token into the new
 * buffer.  The copy is guaranteed to be terminated with '\0'.  Note
 * that a duplicate buffer is created even for a zero-length token.
 *
 * Returns a pointer to the newly-allocated duplicate, or a null
 * pointer if memory for the duplicate was not available.  If
 * the lenp argument is a non-null pointer, the length of the token
 * (not including the '\0') is returned in *lenp.
 *
 * If successful, the *buf pointer will be updated to point beyond
 * the end of the found token.
 *
 * Note: uses GFP_KERNEL for allocation.
 */
static inline char *dup_token(const char **buf, size_t *lenp)
{
	char *dup;
	size_t len;

	len = next_token(buf);
	dup = kmalloc(len + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!dup)
		return NULL;

	memcpy(dup, *buf, len);
	*(dup + len) = '\0';
	*buf += len;

	if (lenp)
		*lenp = len;

	return dup;
}

/*
 * This fills in the pool_name, image_name, image_name_len, snap_name,
 * rbd_dev, rbd_md_name, and name fields of the given rbd_dev, based
 * on the list of monitor addresses and other options provided via
 * /sys/bus/rbd/add.
 *
 * Note: rbd_dev is assumed to have been initially zero-filled.
 */
static int rbd_add_parse_args(struct rbd_device *rbd_dev,
			      const char *buf,
			      const char **mon_addrs,
			      size_t *mon_addrs_size,
			      char *options,
			     size_t options_size)
{
	size_t len;
	int ret;

	/* The first four tokens are required */

	len = next_token(&buf);
	if (!len)
		return -EINVAL;
	*mon_addrs_size = len + 1;
	*mon_addrs = buf;

	buf += len;

	len = copy_token(&buf, options, options_size);
	if (!len || len >= options_size)
		return -EINVAL;

	ret = -ENOMEM;
	rbd_dev->pool_name = dup_token(&buf, NULL);
	if (!rbd_dev->pool_name)
		goto out_err;

	rbd_dev->image_name = dup_token(&buf, &rbd_dev->image_name_len);
	if (!rbd_dev->image_name)
		goto out_err;

	/* Create the name of the header object */

	rbd_dev->header_name = kmalloc(rbd_dev->image_name_len
						+ sizeof (RBD_SUFFIX),
					GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!rbd_dev->header_name)
		goto out_err;
	sprintf(rbd_dev->header_name, "%s%s", rbd_dev->image_name, RBD_SUFFIX);

	/*
	 * The snapshot name is optional.  If none is is supplied,
	 * we use the default value.
	 */
	rbd_dev->snap_name = dup_token(&buf, &len);
	if (!rbd_dev->snap_name)
		goto out_err;
	if (!len) {
		/* Replace the empty name with the default */
		kfree(rbd_dev->snap_name);
		rbd_dev->snap_name
			= kmalloc(sizeof (RBD_SNAP_HEAD_NAME), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!rbd_dev->snap_name)
			goto out_err;

		memcpy(rbd_dev->snap_name, RBD_SNAP_HEAD_NAME,
			sizeof (RBD_SNAP_HEAD_NAME));
	}

	return 0;

out_err:
	kfree(rbd_dev->header_name);
	rbd_dev->header_name = NULL;
	kfree(rbd_dev->image_name);
	rbd_dev->image_name = NULL;
	rbd_dev->image_name_len = 0;
	kfree(rbd_dev->pool_name);
	rbd_dev->pool_name = NULL;

	return ret;
}

static ssize_t rbd_add(struct bus_type *bus,
		       const char *buf,
		       size_t count)
{
	char *options;
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = NULL;
	const char *mon_addrs = NULL;
	size_t mon_addrs_size = 0;
	struct ceph_osd_client *osdc;
	int rc = -ENOMEM;

	if (!try_module_get(THIS_MODULE))
		return -ENODEV;

	options = kmalloc(count, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!options)
		goto err_nomem;
	rbd_dev = kzalloc(sizeof(*rbd_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!rbd_dev)
		goto err_nomem;

	/* static rbd_device initialization */
	spin_lock_init(&rbd_dev->lock);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rbd_dev->node);
	INIT_LIST_HEAD(&rbd_dev->snaps);
	init_rwsem(&rbd_dev->header_rwsem);

	/* generate unique id: find highest unique id, add one */
	rbd_id_get(rbd_dev);

	/* Fill in the device name, now that we have its id. */
	BUILD_BUG_ON(DEV_NAME_LEN
			< sizeof (RBD_DRV_NAME) + MAX_INT_FORMAT_WIDTH);
	sprintf(rbd_dev->name, "%s%d", RBD_DRV_NAME, rbd_dev->dev_id);

	/* parse add command */
	rc = rbd_add_parse_args(rbd_dev, buf, &mon_addrs, &mon_addrs_size,
				options, count);
	if (rc)
		goto err_put_id;

	rbd_dev->rbd_client = rbd_get_client(mon_addrs, mon_addrs_size - 1,
						options);
	if (IS_ERR(rbd_dev->rbd_client)) {
		rc = PTR_ERR(rbd_dev->rbd_client);
		rbd_dev->rbd_client = NULL;
		goto err_put_id;
	}

	/* pick the pool */
	osdc = &rbd_dev->rbd_client->client->osdc;
	rc = ceph_pg_poolid_by_name(osdc->osdmap, rbd_dev->pool_name);
	if (rc < 0)
		goto err_out_client;
	rbd_dev->pool_id = rc;

	/* register our block device */
	rc = register_blkdev(0, rbd_dev->name);
	if (rc < 0)
		goto err_out_client;
	rbd_dev->major = rc;

	rc = rbd_bus_add_dev(rbd_dev);
	if (rc)
		goto err_out_blkdev;

	/*
	 * At this point cleanup in the event of an error is the job
	 * of the sysfs code (initiated by rbd_bus_del_dev()).
	 *
	 * Set up and announce blkdev mapping.
	 */
	rc = rbd_init_disk(rbd_dev);
	if (rc)
		goto err_out_bus;

	rc = rbd_init_watch_dev(rbd_dev);
	if (rc)
		goto err_out_bus;

	return count;

err_out_bus:
	/* this will also clean up rest of rbd_dev stuff */

	rbd_bus_del_dev(rbd_dev);
	kfree(options);
	return rc;

err_out_blkdev:
	unregister_blkdev(rbd_dev->major, rbd_dev->name);
err_out_client:
	rbd_put_client(rbd_dev);
err_put_id:
	if (rbd_dev->pool_name) {
		kfree(rbd_dev->snap_name);
		kfree(rbd_dev->header_name);
		kfree(rbd_dev->image_name);
		kfree(rbd_dev->pool_name);
	}
	rbd_id_put(rbd_dev);
err_nomem:
	kfree(rbd_dev);
	kfree(options);

	dout("Error adding device %s\n", buf);
	module_put(THIS_MODULE);

	return (ssize_t) rc;
}

static struct rbd_device *__rbd_get_dev(unsigned long dev_id)
{
	struct list_head *tmp;
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev;

	spin_lock(&rbd_dev_list_lock);
	list_for_each(tmp, &rbd_dev_list) {
		rbd_dev = list_entry(tmp, struct rbd_device, node);
		if (rbd_dev->dev_id == dev_id) {
			spin_unlock(&rbd_dev_list_lock);
			return rbd_dev;
		}
	}
	spin_unlock(&rbd_dev_list_lock);
	return NULL;
}

static void rbd_dev_release(struct device *dev)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);

	if (rbd_dev->watch_request) {
		struct ceph_client *client = rbd_dev->rbd_client->client;

		ceph_osdc_unregister_linger_request(&client->osdc,
						    rbd_dev->watch_request);
	}
	if (rbd_dev->watch_event)
		rbd_req_sync_unwatch(rbd_dev);

	rbd_put_client(rbd_dev);

	/* clean up and free blkdev */
	rbd_free_disk(rbd_dev);
	unregister_blkdev(rbd_dev->major, rbd_dev->name);

	/* done with the id, and with the rbd_dev */
	kfree(rbd_dev->snap_name);
	kfree(rbd_dev->header_name);
	kfree(rbd_dev->pool_name);
	kfree(rbd_dev->image_name);
	rbd_id_put(rbd_dev);
	kfree(rbd_dev);

	/* release module ref */
	module_put(THIS_MODULE);
}

static ssize_t rbd_remove(struct bus_type *bus,
			  const char *buf,
			  size_t count)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = NULL;
	int target_id, rc;
	unsigned long ul;
	int ret = count;

	rc = strict_strtoul(buf, 10, &ul);
	if (rc)
		return rc;

	/* convert to int; abort if we lost anything in the conversion */
	target_id = (int) ul;
	if (target_id != ul)
		return -EINVAL;

	mutex_lock_nested(&ctl_mutex, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);

	rbd_dev = __rbd_get_dev(target_id);
	if (!rbd_dev) {
		ret = -ENOENT;
		goto done;
	}

	__rbd_remove_all_snaps(rbd_dev);
	rbd_bus_del_dev(rbd_dev);

done:
	mutex_unlock(&ctl_mutex);
	return ret;
}

static ssize_t rbd_snap_add(struct device *dev,
			    struct device_attribute *attr,
			    const char *buf,
			    size_t count)
{
	struct rbd_device *rbd_dev = dev_to_rbd_dev(dev);
	int ret;
	char *name = kmalloc(count + 1, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!name)
		return -ENOMEM;

	snprintf(name, count, "%s", buf);

	mutex_lock_nested(&ctl_mutex, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);

	ret = rbd_header_add_snap(rbd_dev,
				  name, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto err_unlock;

	ret = __rbd_refresh_header(rbd_dev, NULL);
	if (ret < 0)
		goto err_unlock;

	/* shouldn't hold ctl_mutex when notifying.. notify might
	   trigger a watch callback that would need to get that mutex */
	mutex_unlock(&ctl_mutex);

	/* make a best effort, don't error if failed */
	rbd_req_sync_notify(rbd_dev);

	ret = count;
	kfree(name);
	return ret;

err_unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&ctl_mutex);
	kfree(name);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * create control files in sysfs
 * /sys/bus/rbd/...
 */
static int rbd_sysfs_init(void)
{
	int ret;

	ret = device_register(&rbd_root_dev);
	if (ret < 0)
		return ret;

	ret = bus_register(&rbd_bus_type);
	if (ret < 0)
		device_unregister(&rbd_root_dev);

	return ret;
}

static void rbd_sysfs_cleanup(void)
{
	bus_unregister(&rbd_bus_type);
	device_unregister(&rbd_root_dev);
}

int __init rbd_init(void)
{
	int rc;

	rc = rbd_sysfs_init();
	if (rc)
		return rc;
	pr_info("loaded " RBD_DRV_NAME_LONG "\n");
	return 0;
}

void __exit rbd_exit(void)
{
	rbd_sysfs_cleanup();
}

module_init(rbd_init);
module_exit(rbd_exit);

MODULE_AUTHOR("Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net>");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Yehuda Sadeh <yehuda@hq.newdream.net>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("rados block device");

/* following authorship retained from original osdblk.c */
MODULE_AUTHOR("Jeff Garzik <jeff@garzik.org>");

MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");