libs/binder/RpcState.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#define LOG_TAG "RpcState"

#include "RpcState.h"

#include <android-base/hex.h>
#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
#include <binder/BpBinder.h>
#include <binder/IPCThreadState.h>
#include <binder/RpcServer.h>

#include "Debug.h"
#include "RpcWireFormat.h"

#include <random>

#include <inttypes.h>

namespace android {

using base::ScopeGuard;

#if RPC_FLAKE_PRONE
void rpcMaybeWaitToFlake() {
    [[clang::no_destroy]] static std::random_device r;
    [[clang::no_destroy]] static std::mutex m;
    unsigned num;
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(m);
        num = r();
    }
    if (num % 10 == 0) usleep(num % 1000);
}
#endif

RpcState::RpcState() {}
RpcState::~RpcState() {}

status_t RpcState::onBinderLeaving(const sp<RpcSession>& session, const sp<IBinder>& binder,
                                   RpcAddress* outAddress) {
    bool isRemote = binder->remoteBinder();
    bool isRpc = isRemote && binder->remoteBinder()->isRpcBinder();

    if (isRpc && binder->remoteBinder()->getPrivateAccessorForId().rpcSession() != session) {
        // We need to be able to send instructions over the socket for how to
        // connect to a different server, and we also need to let the host
        // process know that this is happening.
        ALOGE("Cannot send binder from unrelated binder RPC session.");
        return INVALID_OPERATION;
    }

    if (isRemote && !isRpc) {
        // Without additional work, this would have the effect of using this
        // process to proxy calls from the socket over to the other process, and
        // it would make those calls look like they come from us (not over the
        // sockets). In order to make this work transparently like binder, we
        // would instead need to send instructions over the socket for how to
        // connect to the host process, and we also need to let the host process
        // know this was happening.
        ALOGE("Cannot send binder proxy %p over sockets", binder.get());
        return INVALID_OPERATION;
    }

    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);
    if (mTerminated) return DEAD_OBJECT;

    // TODO(b/182939933): maybe move address out of BpBinder, and keep binder->address map
    // in RpcState
    for (auto& [addr, node] : mNodeForAddress) {
        if (binder == node.binder) {
            if (isRpc) {
                const RpcAddress& actualAddr =
                        binder->remoteBinder()->getPrivateAccessorForId().rpcAddress();
                // TODO(b/182939933): this is only checking integrity of data structure
                // a different data structure doesn't need this
                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(addr < actualAddr, "Address mismatch");
                LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(actualAddr < addr, "Address mismatch");
            }
            node.timesSent++;
            node.sentRef = binder; // might already be set
            *outAddress = addr;
            return OK;
        }
    }
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(isRpc, "RPC binder must have known address at this point");

    bool forServer = session->server() != nullptr;

    for (size_t tries = 0; tries < 5; tries++) {
        auto&& [it, inserted] = mNodeForAddress.insert({RpcAddress::random(forServer),
                                                        BinderNode{
                                                                .binder = binder,
                                                                .timesSent = 1,
                                                                .sentRef = binder,
                                                        }});
        if (inserted) {
            *outAddress = it->first;
            return OK;
        }

        // well, we don't have visibility into the header here, but still
        static_assert(sizeof(RpcWireAddress) == 40, "this log needs updating");
        ALOGW("2**256 is 1e77. If you see this log, you probably have some entropy issue, or maybe "
              "you witness something incredible!");
    }

    ALOGE("Unable to create an address in order to send out %p", binder.get());
    return WOULD_BLOCK;
}

status_t RpcState::onBinderEntering(const sp<RpcSession>& session, const RpcAddress& address,
                                    sp<IBinder>* out) {
    // ensure that: if we want to use addresses for something else in the future (for
    //   instance, allowing transitive binder sends), that we don't accidentally
    //   send those addresses to old server. Accidentally ignoring this in that
    //   case and considering the binder to be recognized could cause this
    //   process to accidentally proxy transactions for that binder. Of course,
    //   if we communicate with a binder, it could always be proxying
    //   information. However, we want to make sure that isn't done on accident
    //   by a client.
    if (!address.isRecognizedType()) {
        ALOGE("Address is of an unknown type, rejecting: %s", address.toString().c_str());
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }

    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);
    if (mTerminated) return DEAD_OBJECT;

    if (auto it = mNodeForAddress.find(address); it != mNodeForAddress.end()) {
        *out = it->second.binder.promote();

        // implicitly have strong RPC refcount, since we received this binder
        it->second.timesRecd++;

        _l.unlock();

        // We have timesRecd RPC refcounts, but we only need to hold on to one
        // when we keep the object. All additional dec strongs are sent
        // immediately, we wait to send the last one in BpBinder::onLastDecStrong.
        (void)session->sendDecStrong(address);

        return OK;
    }

    // we don't know about this binder, so the other side of the connection
    // should have created it.
    if (address.isForServer() == !!session->server()) {
        ALOGE("Server received unrecognized address which we should own the creation of %s.",
              address.toString().c_str());
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }

    auto&& [it, inserted] = mNodeForAddress.insert({address, BinderNode{}});
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!inserted, "Failed to insert binder when creating proxy");

    // Currently, all binders are assumed to be part of the same session (no
    // device global binders in the RPC world).
    it->second.binder = *out = BpBinder::create(session, it->first);
    it->second.timesRecd = 1;
    return OK;
}

size_t RpcState::countBinders() {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);
    return mNodeForAddress.size();
}

void RpcState::dump() {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);
    dumpLocked();
}

void RpcState::clear() {
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);

    if (mTerminated) {
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!mNodeForAddress.empty(),
                            "New state should be impossible after terminating!");
        return;
    }

    if (SHOULD_LOG_RPC_DETAIL) {
        ALOGE("RpcState::clear()");
        dumpLocked();
    }

    // if the destructor of a binder object makes another RPC call, then calling
    // decStrong could deadlock. So, we must hold onto these binders until
    // mNodeMutex is no longer taken.
    std::vector<sp<IBinder>> tempHoldBinder;

    mTerminated = true;
    for (auto& [address, node] : mNodeForAddress) {
        sp<IBinder> binder = node.binder.promote();
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(binder == nullptr, "Binder %p expected to be owned.", binder.get());

        if (node.sentRef != nullptr) {
            tempHoldBinder.push_back(node.sentRef);
        }
    }

    mNodeForAddress.clear();

    _l.unlock();
    tempHoldBinder.clear(); // explicit
}

void RpcState::dumpLocked() {
    ALOGE("DUMP OF RpcState %p", this);
    ALOGE("DUMP OF RpcState (%zu nodes)", mNodeForAddress.size());
    for (const auto& [address, node] : mNodeForAddress) {
        sp<IBinder> binder = node.binder.promote();

        const char* desc;
        if (binder) {
            if (binder->remoteBinder()) {
                if (binder->remoteBinder()->isRpcBinder()) {
                    desc = "(rpc binder proxy)";
                } else {
                    desc = "(binder proxy)";
                }
            } else {
                desc = "(local binder)";
            }
        } else {
            desc = "(null)";
        }

        ALOGE("- BINDER NODE: %p times sent:%zu times recd: %zu a:%s type:%s",
              node.binder.unsafe_get(), node.timesSent, node.timesRecd, address.toString().c_str(),
              desc);
    }
    ALOGE("END DUMP OF RpcState");
}


RpcState::CommandData::CommandData(size_t size) : mSize(size) {
    // The maximum size for regular binder is 1MB for all concurrent
    // transactions. A very small proportion of transactions are even
    // larger than a page, but we need to avoid allocating too much
    // data on behalf of an arbitrary client, or we could risk being in
    // a position where a single additional allocation could run out of
    // memory.
    //
    // Note, this limit may not reflect the total amount of data allocated for a
    // transaction (in some cases, additional fixed size amounts are added),
    // though for rough consistency, we should avoid cases where this data type
    // is used for multiple dynamic allocations for a single transaction.
    constexpr size_t kMaxTransactionAllocation = 100 * 1000;
    if (size == 0) return;
    if (size > kMaxTransactionAllocation) {
        ALOGW("Transaction requested too much data allocation %zu", size);
        return;
    }
    mData.reset(new (std::nothrow) uint8_t[size]);
}

status_t RpcState::rpcSend(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                           const sp<RpcSession>& session, const char* what, const void* data,
                           size_t size) {
    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Sending %s on RpcTransport %p: %s", what, connection->rpcTransport.get(),
                   android::base::HexString(data, size).c_str());

    if (size > std::numeric_limits<ssize_t>::max()) {
        ALOGE("Cannot send %s at size %zu (too big)", what, size);
        (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }

    if (status_t status =
                connection->rpcTransport->interruptableWriteFully(session->mShutdownTrigger.get(),
                                                                  data, size);
        status != OK) {
        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Failed to write %s (%zu bytes) on RpcTransport %p, error: %s", what, size,
                       connection->rpcTransport.get(), statusToString(status).c_str());
        (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
        return status;
    }

    return OK;
}

status_t RpcState::rpcRec(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                          const sp<RpcSession>& session, const char* what, void* data,
                          size_t size) {
    if (size > std::numeric_limits<ssize_t>::max()) {
        ALOGE("Cannot rec %s at size %zu (too big)", what, size);
        (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }

    if (status_t status =
                connection->rpcTransport->interruptableReadFully(session->mShutdownTrigger.get(),
                                                                 data, size);
        status != OK) {
        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Failed to read %s (%zu bytes) on RpcTransport %p, error: %s", what, size,
                       connection->rpcTransport.get(), statusToString(status).c_str());
        return status;
    }

    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Received %s on RpcTransport %p: %s", what, connection->rpcTransport.get(),
                   android::base::HexString(data, size).c_str());
    return OK;
}

status_t RpcState::readNewSessionResponse(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                          const sp<RpcSession>& session, uint32_t* version) {
    RpcNewSessionResponse response;
    if (status_t status =
                rpcRec(connection, session, "new session response", &response, sizeof(response));
        status != OK) {
        return status;
    }
    *version = response.version;
    return OK;
}

status_t RpcState::sendConnectionInit(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                      const sp<RpcSession>& session) {
    RpcOutgoingConnectionInit init{
            .msg = RPC_CONNECTION_INIT_OKAY,
    };
    return rpcSend(connection, session, "connection init", &init, sizeof(init));
}

status_t RpcState::readConnectionInit(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                      const sp<RpcSession>& session) {
    RpcOutgoingConnectionInit init;
    if (status_t status = rpcRec(connection, session, "connection init", &init, sizeof(init));
        status != OK)
        return status;

    static_assert(sizeof(init.msg) == sizeof(RPC_CONNECTION_INIT_OKAY));
    if (0 != strncmp(init.msg, RPC_CONNECTION_INIT_OKAY, sizeof(init.msg))) {
        ALOGE("Connection init message unrecognized %.*s", static_cast<int>(sizeof(init.msg)),
              init.msg);
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }
    return OK;
}

sp<IBinder> RpcState::getRootObject(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                    const sp<RpcSession>& session) {
    Parcel data;
    data.markForRpc(session);
    Parcel reply;

    status_t status = transactAddress(connection, RpcAddress::zero(), RPC_SPECIAL_TRANSACT_GET_ROOT,
                                      data, session, &reply, 0);
    if (status != OK) {
        ALOGE("Error getting root object: %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
        return nullptr;
    }

    return reply.readStrongBinder();
}

status_t RpcState::getMaxThreads(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                 const sp<RpcSession>& session, size_t* maxThreadsOut) {
    Parcel data;
    data.markForRpc(session);
    Parcel reply;

    status_t status =
            transactAddress(connection, RpcAddress::zero(), RPC_SPECIAL_TRANSACT_GET_MAX_THREADS,
                            data, session, &reply, 0);
    if (status != OK) {
        ALOGE("Error getting max threads: %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
        return status;
    }

    int32_t maxThreads;
    status = reply.readInt32(&maxThreads);
    if (status != OK) return status;
    if (maxThreads <= 0) {
        ALOGE("Error invalid max maxThreads: %d", maxThreads);
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }

    *maxThreadsOut = maxThreads;
    return OK;
}

status_t RpcState::getSessionId(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                const sp<RpcSession>& session, std::vector<uint8_t>* sessionIdOut) {
    Parcel data;
    data.markForRpc(session);
    Parcel reply;

    status_t status =
            transactAddress(connection, RpcAddress::zero(), RPC_SPECIAL_TRANSACT_GET_SESSION_ID,
                            data, session, &reply, 0);
    if (status != OK) {
        ALOGE("Error getting session ID: %s", statusToString(status).c_str());
        return status;
    }

    return reply.readByteVector(sessionIdOut);
}

status_t RpcState::transact(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                            const sp<IBinder>& binder, uint32_t code, const Parcel& data,
                            const sp<RpcSession>& session, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags) {
    if (!data.isForRpc()) {
        ALOGE("Refusing to send RPC with parcel not crafted for RPC");
        return BAD_TYPE;
    }

    if (data.objectsCount() != 0) {
        ALOGE("Parcel at %p has attached objects but is being used in an RPC call", &data);
        return BAD_TYPE;
    }

    RpcAddress address = RpcAddress::zero();
    if (status_t status = onBinderLeaving(session, binder, &address); status != OK) return status;

    return transactAddress(connection, address, code, data, session, reply, flags);
}

status_t RpcState::transactAddress(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                   const RpcAddress& address, uint32_t code, const Parcel& data,
                                   const sp<RpcSession>& session, Parcel* reply, uint32_t flags) {
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!data.isForRpc());
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(data.objectsCount() != 0);

    uint64_t asyncNumber = 0;

    if (!address.isZero()) {
        std::unique_lock<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);
        if (mTerminated) return DEAD_OBJECT; // avoid fatal only, otherwise races
        auto it = mNodeForAddress.find(address);
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(it == mNodeForAddress.end(), "Sending transact on unknown address %s",
                            address.toString().c_str());

        if (flags & IBinder::FLAG_ONEWAY) {
            asyncNumber = it->second.asyncNumber;
            if (!nodeProgressAsyncNumber(&it->second)) {
                _l.unlock();
                (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
                return DEAD_OBJECT;
            }
        }
    }

    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max() - sizeof(RpcWireHeader) -
                                        sizeof(RpcWireTransaction) <
                                data.dataSize(),
                        "Too much data %zu", data.dataSize());

    RpcWireHeader command{
            .command = RPC_COMMAND_TRANSACT,
            .bodySize = static_cast<uint32_t>(sizeof(RpcWireTransaction) + data.dataSize()),
    };
    RpcWireTransaction transaction{
            .address = address.viewRawEmbedded(),
            .code = code,
            .flags = flags,
            .asyncNumber = asyncNumber,
    };
    CommandData transactionData(sizeof(RpcWireHeader) + sizeof(RpcWireTransaction) +
                                data.dataSize());
    if (!transactionData.valid()) {
        return NO_MEMORY;
    }

    memcpy(transactionData.data() + 0, &command, sizeof(RpcWireHeader));
    memcpy(transactionData.data() + sizeof(RpcWireHeader), &transaction,
           sizeof(RpcWireTransaction));
    memcpy(transactionData.data() + sizeof(RpcWireHeader) + sizeof(RpcWireTransaction), data.data(),
           data.dataSize());

    if (status_t status = rpcSend(connection, session, "transaction", transactionData.data(),
                                  transactionData.size());
        status != OK)
        // TODO(b/167966510): need to undo onBinderLeaving - we know the
        // refcount isn't successfully transferred.
        return status;

    if (flags & IBinder::FLAG_ONEWAY) {
        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Oneway command, so no longer waiting on RpcTransport %p",
                       connection->rpcTransport.get());

        // Do not wait on result.
        // However, too many oneway calls may cause refcounts to build up and fill up the socket,
        // so process those.
        return drainCommands(connection, session, CommandType::CONTROL_ONLY);
    }

    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(reply == nullptr, "Reply parcel must be used for synchronous transaction.");

    return waitForReply(connection, session, reply);
}

static void cleanup_reply_data(Parcel* p, const uint8_t* data, size_t dataSize,
                               const binder_size_t* objects, size_t objectsCount) {
    (void)p;
    delete[] const_cast<uint8_t*>(data - offsetof(RpcWireReply, data));
    (void)dataSize;
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(objects != nullptr);
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(objectsCount != 0, "%zu objects remaining", objectsCount);
}

status_t RpcState::waitForReply(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                const sp<RpcSession>& session, Parcel* reply) {
    RpcWireHeader command;
    while (true) {
        if (status_t status =
                    rpcRec(connection, session, "command header", &command, sizeof(command));
            status != OK)
            return status;

        if (command.command == RPC_COMMAND_REPLY) break;

        if (status_t status = processCommand(connection, session, command, CommandType::ANY);
            status != OK)
            return status;
    }

    CommandData data(command.bodySize);
    if (!data.valid()) return NO_MEMORY;

    if (status_t status = rpcRec(connection, session, "reply body", data.data(), command.bodySize);
        status != OK)
        return status;

    if (command.bodySize < sizeof(RpcWireReply)) {
        ALOGE("Expecting %zu but got %" PRId32 " bytes for RpcWireReply. Terminating!",
              sizeof(RpcWireReply), command.bodySize);
        (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }
    RpcWireReply* rpcReply = reinterpret_cast<RpcWireReply*>(data.data());
    if (rpcReply->status != OK) return rpcReply->status;

    data.release();
    reply->ipcSetDataReference(rpcReply->data, command.bodySize - offsetof(RpcWireReply, data),
                               nullptr, 0, cleanup_reply_data);

    reply->markForRpc(session);

    return OK;
}

status_t RpcState::sendDecStrong(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                 const sp<RpcSession>& session, const RpcAddress& addr) {
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);
        if (mTerminated) return DEAD_OBJECT; // avoid fatal only, otherwise races
        auto it = mNodeForAddress.find(addr);
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(it == mNodeForAddress.end(), "Sending dec strong on unknown address %s",
                            addr.toString().c_str());
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(it->second.timesRecd <= 0, "Bad dec strong %s",
                            addr.toString().c_str());

        it->second.timesRecd--;
        LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(nullptr != tryEraseNode(it),
                            "Bad state. RpcState shouldn't own received binder");
    }

    RpcWireHeader cmd = {
            .command = RPC_COMMAND_DEC_STRONG,
            .bodySize = sizeof(RpcWireAddress),
    };
    if (status_t status = rpcSend(connection, session, "dec ref header", &cmd, sizeof(cmd));
        status != OK)
        return status;
    if (status_t status = rpcSend(connection, session, "dec ref body", &addr.viewRawEmbedded(),
                                  sizeof(RpcWireAddress));
        status != OK)
        return status;
    return OK;
}

status_t RpcState::getAndExecuteCommand(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                        const sp<RpcSession>& session, CommandType type) {
    LOG_RPC_DETAIL("getAndExecuteCommand on RpcTransport %p", connection->rpcTransport.get());

    RpcWireHeader command;
    if (status_t status = rpcRec(connection, session, "command header", &command, sizeof(command));
        status != OK)
        return status;

    return processCommand(connection, session, command, type);
}

status_t RpcState::drainCommands(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                 const sp<RpcSession>& session, CommandType type) {
    uint8_t buf;
    while (connection->rpcTransport->peek(&buf, sizeof(buf)).value_or(0) > 0) {
        status_t status = getAndExecuteCommand(connection, session, type);
        if (status != OK) return status;
    }
    return OK;
}

status_t RpcState::processCommand(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                  const sp<RpcSession>& session, const RpcWireHeader& command,
                                  CommandType type) {
    IPCThreadState* kernelBinderState = IPCThreadState::selfOrNull();
    IPCThreadState::SpGuard spGuard{
            .address = __builtin_frame_address(0),
            .context = "processing binder RPC command",
    };
    const IPCThreadState::SpGuard* origGuard;
    if (kernelBinderState != nullptr) {
        origGuard = kernelBinderState->pushGetCallingSpGuard(&spGuard);
    }
    ScopeGuard guardUnguard = [&]() {
        if (kernelBinderState != nullptr) {
            kernelBinderState->restoreGetCallingSpGuard(origGuard);
        }
    };

    switch (command.command) {
        case RPC_COMMAND_TRANSACT:
            if (type != CommandType::ANY) return BAD_TYPE;
            return processTransact(connection, session, command);
        case RPC_COMMAND_DEC_STRONG:
            return processDecStrong(connection, session, command);
    }

    // We should always know the version of the opposing side, and since the
    // RPC-binder-level wire protocol is not self synchronizing, we have no way
    // to understand where the current command ends and the next one begins. We
    // also can't consider it a fatal error because this would allow any client
    // to kill us, so ending the session for misbehaving client.
    ALOGE("Unknown RPC command %d - terminating session", command.command);
    (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
    return DEAD_OBJECT;
}
status_t RpcState::processTransact(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                   const sp<RpcSession>& session, const RpcWireHeader& command) {
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(command.command != RPC_COMMAND_TRANSACT, "command: %d", command.command);

    CommandData transactionData(command.bodySize);
    if (!transactionData.valid()) {
        return NO_MEMORY;
    }
    if (status_t status = rpcRec(connection, session, "transaction body", transactionData.data(),
                                 transactionData.size());
        status != OK)
        return status;

    return processTransactInternal(connection, session, std::move(transactionData));
}

static void do_nothing_to_transact_data(Parcel* p, const uint8_t* data, size_t dataSize,
                                        const binder_size_t* objects, size_t objectsCount) {
    (void)p;
    (void)data;
    (void)dataSize;
    (void)objects;
    (void)objectsCount;
}

status_t RpcState::processTransactInternal(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                           const sp<RpcSession>& session,
                                           CommandData transactionData) {
    // for 'recursive' calls to this, we have already read and processed the
    // binder from the transaction data and taken reference counts into account,
    // so it is cached here.
    sp<IBinder> targetRef;
processTransactInternalTailCall:

    if (transactionData.size() < sizeof(RpcWireTransaction)) {
        ALOGE("Expecting %zu but got %zu bytes for RpcWireTransaction. Terminating!",
              sizeof(RpcWireTransaction), transactionData.size());
        (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }
    RpcWireTransaction* transaction = reinterpret_cast<RpcWireTransaction*>(transactionData.data());

    // TODO(b/182939933): heap allocation just for lookup in mNodeForAddress,
    // maybe add an RpcAddress 'view' if the type remains 'heavy'
    auto addr = RpcAddress::fromRawEmbedded(&transaction->address);
    bool oneway = transaction->flags & IBinder::FLAG_ONEWAY;

    status_t replyStatus = OK;
    sp<IBinder> target;
    if (!addr.isZero()) {
        if (!targetRef) {
            replyStatus = onBinderEntering(session, addr, &target);
        } else {
            target = targetRef;
        }

        if (replyStatus != OK) {
            // do nothing
        } else if (target == nullptr) {
            // This can happen if the binder is remote in this process, and
            // another thread has called the last decStrong on this binder.
            // However, for local binders, it indicates a misbehaving client
            // (any binder which is being transacted on should be holding a
            // strong ref count), so in either case, terminating the
            // session.
            ALOGE("While transacting, binder has been deleted at address %s. Terminating!",
                  addr.toString().c_str());
            (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
            replyStatus = BAD_VALUE;
        } else if (target->localBinder() == nullptr) {
            ALOGE("Unknown binder address or non-local binder, not address %s. Terminating!",
                  addr.toString().c_str());
            (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
            replyStatus = BAD_VALUE;
        } else if (oneway) {
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);
            auto it = mNodeForAddress.find(addr);
            if (it->second.binder.promote() != target) {
                ALOGE("Binder became invalid during transaction. Bad client? %s",
                      addr.toString().c_str());
                replyStatus = BAD_VALUE;
            } else if (transaction->asyncNumber != it->second.asyncNumber) {
                // we need to process some other asynchronous transaction
                // first
                it->second.asyncTodo.push(BinderNode::AsyncTodo{
                        .ref = target,
                        .data = std::move(transactionData),
                        .asyncNumber = transaction->asyncNumber,
                });

                size_t numPending = it->second.asyncTodo.size();
                LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Enqueuing %" PRId64 " on %s (%zu pending)",
                               transaction->asyncNumber, addr.toString().c_str(), numPending);

                constexpr size_t kArbitraryOnewayCallTerminateLevel = 10000;
                constexpr size_t kArbitraryOnewayCallWarnLevel = 1000;
                constexpr size_t kArbitraryOnewayCallWarnPer = 1000;

                if (numPending >= kArbitraryOnewayCallWarnLevel) {
                    if (numPending >= kArbitraryOnewayCallTerminateLevel) {
                        ALOGE("WARNING: %zu pending oneway transactions. Terminating!", numPending);
                        _l.unlock();
                        (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
                        return FAILED_TRANSACTION;
                    }

                    if (numPending % kArbitraryOnewayCallWarnPer == 0) {
                        ALOGW("Warning: many oneway transactions built up on %p (%zu)",
                              target.get(), numPending);
                    }
                }
                return OK;
            }
        }
    }

    Parcel reply;
    reply.markForRpc(session);

    if (replyStatus == OK) {
        Parcel data;
        // transaction->data is owned by this function. Parcel borrows this data and
        // only holds onto it for the duration of this function call. Parcel will be
        // deleted before the 'transactionData' object.
        data.ipcSetDataReference(transaction->data,
                                 transactionData.size() - offsetof(RpcWireTransaction, data),
                                 nullptr /*object*/, 0 /*objectCount*/,
                                 do_nothing_to_transact_data);
        data.markForRpc(session);

        if (target) {
            bool origAllowNested = connection->allowNested;
            connection->allowNested = !oneway;

            replyStatus = target->transact(transaction->code, data, &reply, transaction->flags);

            connection->allowNested = origAllowNested;
        } else {
            LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Got special transaction %u", transaction->code);

            switch (transaction->code) {
                case RPC_SPECIAL_TRANSACT_GET_MAX_THREADS: {
                    replyStatus = reply.writeInt32(session->getMaxThreads());
                    break;
                }
                case RPC_SPECIAL_TRANSACT_GET_SESSION_ID: {
                    // for client connections, this should always report the value
                    // originally returned from the server, so this is asserting
                    // that it exists
                    replyStatus = reply.writeByteVector(session->mId);
                    break;
                }
                default: {
                    sp<RpcServer> server = session->server();
                    if (server) {
                        switch (transaction->code) {
                            case RPC_SPECIAL_TRANSACT_GET_ROOT: {
                                replyStatus = reply.writeStrongBinder(server->getRootObject());
                                break;
                            }
                            default: {
                                replyStatus = UNKNOWN_TRANSACTION;
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        ALOGE("Special command sent, but no server object attached.");
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (oneway) {
        if (replyStatus != OK) {
            ALOGW("Oneway call failed with error: %d", replyStatus);
        }

        LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Processed async transaction %" PRId64 " on %s", transaction->asyncNumber,
                       addr.toString().c_str());

        // Check to see if there is another asynchronous transaction to process.
        // This behavior differs from binder behavior, since in the binder
        // driver, asynchronous transactions will be processed after existing
        // pending binder transactions on the queue. The downside of this is
        // that asynchronous transactions can be drowned out by synchronous
        // transactions. However, we have no easy way to queue these
        // transactions after the synchronous transactions we may want to read
        // from the wire. So, in socket binder here, we have the opposite
        // downside: asynchronous transactions may drown out synchronous
        // transactions.
        {
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);
            auto it = mNodeForAddress.find(addr);
            // last refcount dropped after this transaction happened
            if (it == mNodeForAddress.end()) return OK;

            if (!nodeProgressAsyncNumber(&it->second)) {
                _l.unlock();
                (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
                return DEAD_OBJECT;
            }

            if (it->second.asyncTodo.size() == 0) return OK;
            if (it->second.asyncTodo.top().asyncNumber == it->second.asyncNumber) {
                LOG_RPC_DETAIL("Found next async transaction %" PRId64 " on %s",
                               it->second.asyncNumber, addr.toString().c_str());

                // justification for const_cast (consider avoiding priority_queue):
                // - AsyncTodo operator< doesn't depend on 'data' or 'ref' objects
                // - gotta go fast
                auto& todo = const_cast<BinderNode::AsyncTodo&>(it->second.asyncTodo.top());

                // reset up arguments
                transactionData = std::move(todo.data);
                targetRef = std::move(todo.ref);

                it->second.asyncTodo.pop();
                goto processTransactInternalTailCall;
            }
        }
        return OK;
    }

    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max() - sizeof(RpcWireHeader) -
                                        sizeof(RpcWireReply) <
                                reply.dataSize(),
                        "Too much data for reply %zu", reply.dataSize());

    RpcWireHeader cmdReply{
            .command = RPC_COMMAND_REPLY,
            .bodySize = static_cast<uint32_t>(sizeof(RpcWireReply) + reply.dataSize()),
    };
    RpcWireReply rpcReply{
            .status = replyStatus,
    };

    CommandData replyData(sizeof(RpcWireHeader) + sizeof(RpcWireReply) + reply.dataSize());
    if (!replyData.valid()) {
        return NO_MEMORY;
    }
    memcpy(replyData.data() + 0, &cmdReply, sizeof(RpcWireHeader));
    memcpy(replyData.data() + sizeof(RpcWireHeader), &rpcReply, sizeof(RpcWireReply));
    memcpy(replyData.data() + sizeof(RpcWireHeader) + sizeof(RpcWireReply), reply.data(),
           reply.dataSize());

    return rpcSend(connection, session, "reply", replyData.data(), replyData.size());
}

status_t RpcState::processDecStrong(const sp<RpcSession::RpcConnection>& connection,
                                    const sp<RpcSession>& session, const RpcWireHeader& command) {
    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(command.command != RPC_COMMAND_DEC_STRONG, "command: %d", command.command);

    CommandData commandData(command.bodySize);
    if (!commandData.valid()) {
        return NO_MEMORY;
    }
    if (status_t status =
                rpcRec(connection, session, "dec ref body", commandData.data(), commandData.size());
        status != OK)
        return status;

    if (command.bodySize < sizeof(RpcWireAddress)) {
        ALOGE("Expecting %zu but got %" PRId32 " bytes for RpcWireAddress. Terminating!",
              sizeof(RpcWireAddress), command.bodySize);
        (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }
    RpcWireAddress* address = reinterpret_cast<RpcWireAddress*>(commandData.data());

    // TODO(b/182939933): heap allocation just for lookup
    auto addr = RpcAddress::fromRawEmbedded(address);
    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> _l(mNodeMutex);
    auto it = mNodeForAddress.find(addr);
    if (it == mNodeForAddress.end()) {
        ALOGE("Unknown binder address %s for dec strong.", addr.toString().c_str());
        return OK;
    }

    sp<IBinder> target = it->second.binder.promote();
    if (target == nullptr) {
        ALOGE("While requesting dec strong, binder has been deleted at address %s. Terminating!",
              addr.toString().c_str());
        _l.unlock();
        (void)session->shutdownAndWait(false);
        return BAD_VALUE;
    }

    if (it->second.timesSent == 0) {
        ALOGE("No record of sending binder, but requested decStrong: %s", addr.toString().c_str());
        return OK;
    }

    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(it->second.sentRef == nullptr, "Inconsistent state, lost ref for %s",
                        addr.toString().c_str());

    it->second.timesSent--;
    sp<IBinder> tempHold = tryEraseNode(it);
    _l.unlock();
    tempHold = nullptr; // destructor may make binder calls on this session

    return OK;
}

sp<IBinder> RpcState::tryEraseNode(std::map<RpcAddress, BinderNode>::iterator& it) {
    sp<IBinder> ref;

    if (it->second.timesSent == 0) {
        ref = std::move(it->second.sentRef);

        if (it->second.timesRecd == 0) {
            LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(!it->second.asyncTodo.empty(),
                                "Can't delete binder w/ pending async transactions");
            mNodeForAddress.erase(it);
        }
    }

    return ref;
}

bool RpcState::nodeProgressAsyncNumber(BinderNode* node) {
    // 2**64 =~ 10**19 =~ 1000 transactions per second for 585 million years to
    // a single binder
    if (node->asyncNumber >= std::numeric_limits<decltype(node->asyncNumber)>::max()) {
        ALOGE("Out of async transaction IDs. Terminating");
        return false;
    }
    node->asyncNumber++;
    return true;
}

} // namespace android