runtime/base/mutex.cc

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include "mutex.h"

#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/time.h>

#include <sstream>

#include "android-base/stringprintf.h"

#include "base/atomic.h"
#include "base/logging.h"
#include "base/systrace.h"
#include "base/time_utils.h"
#include "base/value_object.h"
#include "mutex-inl.h"
#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
#include "thread-inl.h"
#include "thread.h"
#include "thread_list.h"

namespace art {

using android::base::StringPrintf;

static constexpr uint64_t kIntervalMillis = 50;
static constexpr int kMonitorTimeoutTryMax = 5;

static const char* kLastDumpStackTime = "LastDumpStackTime";

struct AllMutexData {
  // A guard for all_mutexes_ that's not a mutex (Mutexes must CAS to acquire and busy wait).
  Atomic<const BaseMutex*> all_mutexes_guard;
  // All created mutexes guarded by all_mutexes_guard_.
  std::set<BaseMutex*>* all_mutexes;
  AllMutexData() : all_mutexes(nullptr) {}
};
static struct AllMutexData gAllMutexData[kAllMutexDataSize];

struct DumpStackLastTimeTLSData : public art::TLSData {
  explicit DumpStackLastTimeTLSData(uint64_t last_dump_time_ms) {
    last_dump_time_ms_ = last_dump_time_ms;
  }
  uint64_t last_dump_time_ms_;
};

#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
static bool ComputeRelativeTimeSpec(timespec* result_ts, const timespec& lhs, const timespec& rhs) {
  const int32_t one_sec = 1000 * 1000 * 1000;  // one second in nanoseconds.
  result_ts->tv_sec = lhs.tv_sec - rhs.tv_sec;
  result_ts->tv_nsec = lhs.tv_nsec - rhs.tv_nsec;
  if (result_ts->tv_nsec < 0) {
    result_ts->tv_sec--;
    result_ts->tv_nsec += one_sec;
  } else if (result_ts->tv_nsec > one_sec) {
    result_ts->tv_sec++;
    result_ts->tv_nsec -= one_sec;
  }
  return result_ts->tv_sec < 0;
}
#endif

#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
// If we wake up from a futex wake, and the runtime disappeared while we were asleep,
// it's important to stop in our tracks before we touch deallocated memory.
static inline void SleepIfRuntimeDeleted(Thread* self) {
  if (self != nullptr) {
    JNIEnvExt* const env = self->GetJniEnv();
    if (UNLIKELY(env != nullptr && env->IsRuntimeDeleted())) {
      DCHECK(self->IsDaemon());
      // If the runtime has been deleted, then we cannot proceed. Just sleep forever. This may
      // occur for user daemon threads that get a spurious wakeup. This occurs for test 132 with
      // --host and --gdb.
      // After we wake up, the runtime may have been shutdown, which means that this condition may
      // have been deleted. It is not safe to retry the wait.
      SleepForever();
    }
  }
}
#else
// We should be doing this for pthreads to, but it seems to be impossible for something
// like a condition variable wait. Thus we don't bother trying.
#endif

// Wait for an amount of time that roughly increases in the argument i.
// Spin for small arguments and yield/sleep for longer ones.
static void BackOff(uint32_t i) {
  static constexpr uint32_t kSpinMax = 10;
  static constexpr uint32_t kYieldMax = 20;
  if (i <= kSpinMax) {
    // TODO: Esp. in very latency-sensitive cases, consider replacing this with an explicit
    // test-and-test-and-set loop in the caller.  Possibly skip entirely on a uniprocessor.
    volatile uint32_t x = 0;
    const uint32_t spin_count = 10 * i;
    for (uint32_t spin = 0; spin < spin_count; ++spin) {
      ++x;  // Volatile; hence should not be optimized away.
    }
    // TODO: Consider adding x86 PAUSE and/or ARM YIELD here.
  } else if (i <= kYieldMax) {
    sched_yield();
  } else {
    NanoSleep(1000ull * (i - kYieldMax));
  }
}

// Wait until pred(testLoc->load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) holds, or until a
// short time interval, on the order of kernel context-switch time, passes.
// Return true if the predicate test succeeded, false if we timed out.
template<typename Pred>
static inline bool WaitBrieflyFor(AtomicInteger* testLoc, Thread* self, Pred pred) {
  // TODO: Tune these parameters correctly. BackOff(3) should take on the order of 100 cycles. So
  // this should result in retrying <= 10 times, usually waiting around 100 cycles each. The
  // maximum delay should be significantly less than the expected futex() context switch time, so
  // there should be little danger of this worsening things appreciably. If the lock was only
  // held briefly by a running thread, this should help immensely.
  static constexpr uint32_t kMaxBackOff = 3;  // Should probably be <= kSpinMax above.
  static constexpr uint32_t kMaxIters = 50;
  JNIEnvExt* const env = self == nullptr ? nullptr : self->GetJniEnv();
  for (uint32_t i = 1; i <= kMaxIters; ++i) {
    BackOff(std::min(i, kMaxBackOff));
    if (pred(testLoc->load(std::memory_order_relaxed))) {
      return true;
    }
    if (UNLIKELY(env != nullptr && env->IsRuntimeDeleted())) {
      // This returns true once we've started shutting down. We then try to reach a quiescent
      // state as soon as possible to avoid touching data that may be deallocated by the shutdown
      // process. It currently relies on a timeout.
      return false;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

class ScopedAllMutexesLock final {
 public:
  explicit ScopedAllMutexesLock(const BaseMutex* mutex) : mutex_(mutex) {
    for (uint32_t i = 0;
         !gAllMutexData->all_mutexes_guard.CompareAndSetWeakAcquire(nullptr, mutex);
         ++i) {
      BackOff(i);
    }
  }

  ~ScopedAllMutexesLock() {
    DCHECK_EQ(gAllMutexData->all_mutexes_guard.load(std::memory_order_relaxed), mutex_);
    gAllMutexData->all_mutexes_guard.store(nullptr, std::memory_order_release);
  }

 private:
  const BaseMutex* const mutex_;
};

// Scoped class that generates events at the beginning and end of lock contention.
class ScopedContentionRecorder final : public ValueObject {
 public:
  ScopedContentionRecorder(BaseMutex* mutex, uint64_t blocked_tid, uint64_t owner_tid)
      : mutex_(kLogLockContentions ? mutex : nullptr),
        blocked_tid_(kLogLockContentions ? blocked_tid : 0),
        owner_tid_(kLogLockContentions ? owner_tid : 0),
        start_nano_time_(kLogLockContentions ? NanoTime() : 0) {
    if (ATraceEnabled()) {
      std::string msg = StringPrintf("Lock contention on %s (owner tid: %" PRIu64 ")",
                                     mutex->GetName(), owner_tid);
      ATraceBegin(msg.c_str());
    }
  }

  ~ScopedContentionRecorder() {
    ATraceEnd();
    if (kLogLockContentions) {
      uint64_t end_nano_time = NanoTime();
      mutex_->RecordContention(blocked_tid_, owner_tid_, end_nano_time - start_nano_time_);
    }
  }

 private:
  BaseMutex* const mutex_;
  const uint64_t blocked_tid_;
  const uint64_t owner_tid_;
  const uint64_t start_nano_time_;
};

BaseMutex::BaseMutex(const char* name, LockLevel level)
    : name_(name),
      level_(level),
      should_respond_to_empty_checkpoint_request_(false) {
  if (kLogLockContentions) {
    ScopedAllMutexesLock mu(this);
    std::set<BaseMutex*>** all_mutexes_ptr = &gAllMutexData->all_mutexes;
    if (*all_mutexes_ptr == nullptr) {
      // We leak the global set of all mutexes to avoid ordering issues in global variable
      // construction/destruction.
      *all_mutexes_ptr = new std::set<BaseMutex*>();
    }
    (*all_mutexes_ptr)->insert(this);
  }
}

BaseMutex::~BaseMutex() {
  if (kLogLockContentions) {
    ScopedAllMutexesLock mu(this);
    gAllMutexData->all_mutexes->erase(this);
  }
}

void BaseMutex::DumpAll(std::ostream& os) {
  if (kLogLockContentions) {
    os << "Mutex logging:\n";
    ScopedAllMutexesLock mu(reinterpret_cast<const BaseMutex*>(-1));
    std::set<BaseMutex*>* all_mutexes = gAllMutexData->all_mutexes;
    if (all_mutexes == nullptr) {
      // No mutexes have been created yet during at startup.
      return;
    }
    os << "(Contended)\n";
    for (const BaseMutex* mutex : *all_mutexes) {
      if (mutex->HasEverContended()) {
        mutex->Dump(os);
        os << "\n";
      }
    }
    os << "(Never contented)\n";
    for (const BaseMutex* mutex : *all_mutexes) {
      if (!mutex->HasEverContended()) {
        mutex->Dump(os);
        os << "\n";
      }
    }
  }
}

void BaseMutex::CheckSafeToWait(Thread* self) {
  if (self == nullptr) {
    CheckUnattachedThread(level_);
    return;
  }
  if (kDebugLocking) {
    CHECK(self->GetHeldMutex(level_) == this || level_ == kMonitorLock)
        << "Waiting on unacquired mutex: " << name_;
    bool bad_mutexes_held = false;
    std::string error_msg;
    for (int i = kLockLevelCount - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
      if (i != level_) {
        BaseMutex* held_mutex = self->GetHeldMutex(static_cast<LockLevel>(i));
        // We allow the thread to wait even if the user_code_suspension_lock_ is held so long. This
        // just means that gc or some other internal process is suspending the thread while it is
        // trying to suspend some other thread. So long as the current thread is not being suspended
        // by a SuspendReason::kForUserCode (which needs the user_code_suspension_lock_ to clear)
        // this is fine. This is needed due to user_code_suspension_lock_ being the way untrusted
        // code interacts with suspension. One holds the lock to prevent user-code-suspension from
        // occurring. Since this is only initiated from user-supplied native-code this is safe.
        if (held_mutex == Locks::user_code_suspension_lock_) {
          // No thread safety analysis is fine since we have both the user_code_suspension_lock_
          // from the line above and the ThreadSuspendCountLock since it is our level_. We use this
          // lambda to avoid having to annotate the whole function as NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS.
          auto is_suspending_for_user_code = [self]() NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
            return self->GetUserCodeSuspendCount() != 0;
          };
          if (is_suspending_for_user_code()) {
            std::ostringstream oss;
            oss << "Holding \"" << held_mutex->name_ << "\" "
                << "(level " << LockLevel(i) << ") while performing wait on "
                << "\"" << name_ << "\" (level " << level_ << ") "
                << "with SuspendReason::kForUserCode pending suspensions";
            error_msg = oss.str();
            LOG(ERROR) << error_msg;
            bad_mutexes_held = true;
          }
        } else if (held_mutex != nullptr) {
          std::ostringstream oss;
          oss << "Holding \"" << held_mutex->name_ << "\" "
              << "(level " << LockLevel(i) << ") while performing wait on "
              << "\"" << name_ << "\" (level " << level_ << ")";
          error_msg = oss.str();
          LOG(ERROR) << error_msg;
          bad_mutexes_held = true;
        }
      }
    }
    if (gAborting == 0) {  // Avoid recursive aborts.
      CHECK(!bad_mutexes_held) << error_msg;
    }
  }
}

void BaseMutex::ContentionLogData::AddToWaitTime(uint64_t value) {
  if (kLogLockContentions) {
    // Atomically add value to wait_time.
    wait_time.fetch_add(value, std::memory_order_seq_cst);
  }
}

void BaseMutex::RecordContention(uint64_t blocked_tid,
                                 uint64_t owner_tid,
                                 uint64_t nano_time_blocked) {
  if (kLogLockContentions) {
    ContentionLogData* data = contention_log_data_;
    ++(data->contention_count);
    data->AddToWaitTime(nano_time_blocked);
    ContentionLogEntry* log = data->contention_log;
    // This code is intentionally racy as it is only used for diagnostics.
    int32_t slot = data->cur_content_log_entry.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    if (log[slot].blocked_tid == blocked_tid &&
        log[slot].owner_tid == blocked_tid) {
      ++log[slot].count;
    } else {
      uint32_t new_slot;
      do {
        slot = data->cur_content_log_entry.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
        new_slot = (slot + 1) % kContentionLogSize;
      } while (!data->cur_content_log_entry.CompareAndSetWeakRelaxed(slot, new_slot));
      log[new_slot].blocked_tid = blocked_tid;
      log[new_slot].owner_tid = owner_tid;
      log[new_slot].count.store(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
    }
  }
}

void BaseMutex::DumpContention(std::ostream& os) const {
  if (kLogLockContentions) {
    const ContentionLogData* data = contention_log_data_;
    const ContentionLogEntry* log = data->contention_log;
    uint64_t wait_time = data->wait_time.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    uint32_t contention_count = data->contention_count.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    if (contention_count == 0) {
      os << "never contended";
    } else {
      os << "contended " << contention_count
         << " total wait of contender " << PrettyDuration(wait_time)
         << " average " << PrettyDuration(wait_time / contention_count);
      SafeMap<uint64_t, size_t> most_common_blocker;
      SafeMap<uint64_t, size_t> most_common_blocked;
      for (size_t i = 0; i < kContentionLogSize; ++i) {
        uint64_t blocked_tid = log[i].blocked_tid;
        uint64_t owner_tid = log[i].owner_tid;
        uint32_t count = log[i].count.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
        if (count > 0) {
          auto it = most_common_blocked.find(blocked_tid);
          if (it != most_common_blocked.end()) {
            most_common_blocked.Overwrite(blocked_tid, it->second + count);
          } else {
            most_common_blocked.Put(blocked_tid, count);
          }
          it = most_common_blocker.find(owner_tid);
          if (it != most_common_blocker.end()) {
            most_common_blocker.Overwrite(owner_tid, it->second + count);
          } else {
            most_common_blocker.Put(owner_tid, count);
          }
        }
      }
      uint64_t max_tid = 0;
      size_t max_tid_count = 0;
      for (const auto& pair : most_common_blocked) {
        if (pair.second > max_tid_count) {
          max_tid = pair.first;
          max_tid_count = pair.second;
        }
      }
      if (max_tid != 0) {
        os << " sample shows most blocked tid=" << max_tid;
      }
      max_tid = 0;
      max_tid_count = 0;
      for (const auto& pair : most_common_blocker) {
        if (pair.second > max_tid_count) {
          max_tid = pair.first;
          max_tid_count = pair.second;
        }
      }
      if (max_tid != 0) {
        os << " sample shows tid=" << max_tid << " owning during this time";
      }
    }
  }
}


Mutex::Mutex(const char* name, LockLevel level, bool recursive)
    : BaseMutex(name, level), exclusive_owner_(0), recursion_count_(0), recursive_(recursive) {
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  DCHECK_EQ(0, state_and_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed));
#else
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_mutex_init, (&mutex_, nullptr));
#endif
}

// Helper to allow checking shutdown while locking for thread safety.
static bool IsSafeToCallAbortSafe() {
  MutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::runtime_shutdown_lock_);
  return Locks::IsSafeToCallAbortRacy();
}

Mutex::~Mutex() {
  bool safe_to_call_abort = Locks::IsSafeToCallAbortRacy();
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  if (state_and_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) != 0) {
    LOG(safe_to_call_abort ? FATAL : WARNING)
        << "destroying mutex with owner or contenders. Owner:" << GetExclusiveOwnerTid();
  } else {
    if (GetExclusiveOwnerTid() != 0) {
      LOG(safe_to_call_abort ? FATAL : WARNING)
          << "unexpectedly found an owner on unlocked mutex " << name_;
    }
  }
#else
  // We can't use CHECK_MUTEX_CALL here because on shutdown a suspended daemon thread
  // may still be using locks.
  int rc = pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex_);
  if (rc != 0) {
    errno = rc;
    PLOG(safe_to_call_abort ? FATAL : WARNING)
        << "pthread_mutex_destroy failed for " << name_;
  }
#endif
}

void Mutex::ExclusiveLock(Thread* self) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
  if (kDebugLocking && !recursive_) {
    AssertNotHeld(self);
  }
  if (!recursive_ || !IsExclusiveHeld(self)) {
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
    bool done = false;
    do {
      int32_t cur_state = state_and_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
      if (LIKELY((cur_state & kHeldMask) == 0) /* lock not held */) {
        done = state_and_contenders_.CompareAndSetWeakAcquire(cur_state, cur_state | kHeldMask);
      } else {
        // Failed to acquire, hang up.
        ScopedContentionRecorder scr(this, SafeGetTid(self), GetExclusiveOwnerTid());
        // Empirically, it appears important to spin again each time through the loop; if we
        // bother to go to sleep and wake up, we should be fairly persistent in trying for the
        // lock.
        if (!WaitBrieflyFor(&state_and_contenders_, self,
                            [](int32_t v) { return (v & kHeldMask) == 0; })) {
          // Increment contender count. We can't create enough threads for this to overflow.
          increment_contenders();
          // Make cur_state again reflect the expected value of state_and_contenders.
          cur_state += kContenderIncrement;
          if (UNLIKELY(should_respond_to_empty_checkpoint_request_)) {
            self->CheckEmptyCheckpointFromMutex();
          }

          uint64_t wait_start_ms = enable_monitor_timeout_ ? MilliTime() : 0;
          uint64_t try_times = 0;
          do {
            timespec timeout_ts;
            timeout_ts.tv_sec = 0;
            timeout_ts.tv_nsec = Runtime::Current()->GetMonitorTimeoutNs();
            if (futex(state_and_contenders_.Address(), FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, cur_state,
                      enable_monitor_timeout_ ? &timeout_ts : nullptr , nullptr, 0) != 0) {
              // We only went to sleep after incrementing and contenders and checking that the
              // lock is still held by someone else.  EAGAIN and EINTR both indicate a spurious
              // failure, try again from the beginning.  We don't use TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY so we can
              // intentionally retry to acquire the lock.
              if ((errno != EAGAIN) && (errno != EINTR)) {
                if (errno == ETIMEDOUT) {
                  try_times++;
                  if (try_times <= kMonitorTimeoutTryMax) {
                    DumpStack(self, wait_start_ms, try_times);
                  }
                } else {
                  PLOG(FATAL) << "futex wait failed for " << name_;
                }
              }
            }
            SleepIfRuntimeDeleted(self);
            // Retry until not held. In heavy contention situations we otherwise get redundant
            // futex wakeups as a result of repeatedly decrementing and incrementing contenders.
            cur_state = state_and_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
          } while ((cur_state & kHeldMask) != 0);
          decrement_contenders();
        }
      }
    } while (!done);
    // Confirm that lock is now held.
    DCHECK_NE(state_and_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) & kHeldMask, 0);
#else
    CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_mutex_lock, (&mutex_));
#endif
    DCHECK_EQ(GetExclusiveOwnerTid(), 0) << " my tid = " << SafeGetTid(self)
                                         << " recursive_ = " << recursive_;
    exclusive_owner_.store(SafeGetTid(self), std::memory_order_relaxed);
    RegisterAsLocked(self);
  }
  recursion_count_++;
  if (kDebugLocking) {
    CHECK(recursion_count_ == 1 || recursive_) << "Unexpected recursion count on mutex: "
        << name_ << " " << recursion_count_;
    AssertHeld(self);
  }
}

void Mutex::DumpStack(Thread* self, uint64_t wait_start_ms, uint64_t try_times) {
  ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
  Locks::thread_list_lock_->ExclusiveLock(self);
  std::string owner_stack_dump;
  pid_t owner_tid = GetExclusiveOwnerTid();
  Thread *owner = Runtime::Current()->GetThreadList()->FindThreadByTid(owner_tid);
  if (owner != nullptr) {
    if (IsDumpFrequent(owner, try_times)) {
      Locks::thread_list_lock_->ExclusiveUnlock(self);
      LOG(WARNING) << "Contention with tid " << owner_tid << ", monitor id " << monitor_id_;
      return;
    }
    struct CollectStackTrace : public Closure {
      void Run(art::Thread* thread) override
        REQUIRES_SHARED(art::Locks::mutator_lock_) {
        if (IsDumpFrequent(thread)) {
          return;
        }
        thread->SetCustomTLS(kLastDumpStackTime, new DumpStackLastTimeTLSData(MilliTime()));
        thread->DumpJavaStack(oss);
      }
      std::ostringstream oss;
    };
    CollectStackTrace owner_trace;
    owner->RequestSynchronousCheckpoint(&owner_trace);
    owner_stack_dump = owner_trace.oss.str();
    uint64_t wait_ms = MilliTime() - wait_start_ms;
    LOG(WARNING) << "Monitor contention with tid " << owner_tid << ", wait time: " << wait_ms
                 << "ms, monitor id: " << monitor_id_
                 << "\nPerfMonitor owner thread(" << owner_tid << ") stack is:\n"
                 << owner_stack_dump;
  } else {
    Locks::thread_list_lock_->ExclusiveUnlock(self);
  }
}

bool Mutex::IsDumpFrequent(Thread* thread, uint64_t try_times) {
  uint64_t last_dump_time_ms = 0;
  DumpStackLastTimeTLSData* tls_data =
      reinterpret_cast<DumpStackLastTimeTLSData*>(thread->GetCustomTLS(kLastDumpStackTime));
  if (tls_data != nullptr) {
     last_dump_time_ms = tls_data->last_dump_time_ms_;
  }
  uint64_t interval = MilliTime() - last_dump_time_ms;
  if (interval < kIntervalMillis * try_times) {
    return true;
  } else {
    return false;
  }
}

bool Mutex::ExclusiveTryLock(Thread* self) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
  if (kDebugLocking && !recursive_) {
    AssertNotHeld(self);
  }
  if (!recursive_ || !IsExclusiveHeld(self)) {
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
    bool done = false;
    do {
      int32_t cur_state = state_and_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
      if ((cur_state & kHeldMask) == 0) {
        // Change state to held and impose load/store ordering appropriate for lock acquisition.
        done = state_and_contenders_.CompareAndSetWeakAcquire(cur_state, cur_state | kHeldMask);
      } else {
        return false;
      }
    } while (!done);
    DCHECK_NE(state_and_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) & kHeldMask, 0);
#else
    int result = pthread_mutex_trylock(&mutex_);
    if (result == EBUSY) {
      return false;
    }
    if (result != 0) {
      errno = result;
      PLOG(FATAL) << "pthread_mutex_trylock failed for " << name_;
    }
#endif
    DCHECK_EQ(GetExclusiveOwnerTid(), 0);
    exclusive_owner_.store(SafeGetTid(self), std::memory_order_relaxed);
    RegisterAsLocked(self);
  }
  recursion_count_++;
  if (kDebugLocking) {
    CHECK(recursion_count_ == 1 || recursive_) << "Unexpected recursion count on mutex: "
        << name_ << " " << recursion_count_;
    AssertHeld(self);
  }
  return true;
}

bool Mutex::ExclusiveTryLockWithSpinning(Thread* self) {
  // Spin a small number of times, since this affects our ability to respond to suspension
  // requests. We spin repeatedly only if the mutex repeatedly becomes available and unavailable
  // in rapid succession, and then we will typically not spin for the maximal period.
  const int kMaxSpins = 5;
  for (int i = 0; i < kMaxSpins; ++i) {
    if (ExclusiveTryLock(self)) {
      return true;
    }
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
    if (!WaitBrieflyFor(&state_and_contenders_, self,
            [](int32_t v) { return (v & kHeldMask) == 0; })) {
      return false;
    }
#endif
  }
  return ExclusiveTryLock(self);
}

#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
void Mutex::ExclusiveLockUncontendedFor(Thread* new_owner) {
  DCHECK_EQ(level_, kMonitorLock);
  DCHECK(!recursive_);
  state_and_contenders_.store(kHeldMask, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  recursion_count_ = 1;
  exclusive_owner_.store(SafeGetTid(new_owner), std::memory_order_relaxed);
  // Don't call RegisterAsLocked(). It wouldn't register anything anyway.  And
  // this happens as we're inflating a monitor, which doesn't logically affect
  // held "locks"; it effectively just converts a thin lock to a mutex.  By doing
  // this while the lock is already held, we're delaying the acquisition of a
  // logically held mutex, which can introduce bogus lock order violations.
}

void Mutex::ExclusiveUnlockUncontended() {
  DCHECK_EQ(level_, kMonitorLock);
  state_and_contenders_.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  recursion_count_ = 0;
  exclusive_owner_.store(0 /* pid */, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  // Skip RegisterAsUnlocked(), which wouldn't do anything anyway.
}
#endif  // ART_USE_FUTEXES

void Mutex::ExclusiveUnlock(Thread* self) {
  if (kIsDebugBuild && self != nullptr && self != Thread::Current()) {
    std::string name1 = "<null>";
    std::string name2 = "<null>";
    if (self != nullptr) {
      self->GetThreadName(name1);
    }
    if (Thread::Current() != nullptr) {
      Thread::Current()->GetThreadName(name2);
    }
    LOG(FATAL) << GetName() << " level=" << level_ << " self=" << name1
               << " Thread::Current()=" << name2;
  }
  AssertHeld(self);
  DCHECK_NE(GetExclusiveOwnerTid(), 0);
  recursion_count_--;
  if (!recursive_ || recursion_count_ == 0) {
    if (kDebugLocking) {
      CHECK(recursion_count_ == 0 || recursive_) << "Unexpected recursion count on mutex: "
          << name_ << " " << recursion_count_;
    }
    RegisterAsUnlocked(self);
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
    bool done = false;
    do {
      int32_t cur_state = state_and_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
      if (LIKELY((cur_state & kHeldMask) != 0)) {
        // We're no longer the owner.
        exclusive_owner_.store(0 /* pid */, std::memory_order_relaxed);
        // Change state to not held and impose load/store ordering appropriate for lock release.
        uint32_t new_state = cur_state & ~kHeldMask;  // Same number of contenders.
        done = state_and_contenders_.CompareAndSetWeakRelease(cur_state, new_state);
        if (LIKELY(done)) {  // Spurious fail or waiters changed ?
          if (UNLIKELY(new_state != 0) /* have contenders */) {
            futex(state_and_contenders_.Address(), FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, kWakeOne,
                  nullptr, nullptr, 0);
          }
          // We only do a futex wait after incrementing contenders and verifying the lock was
          // still held. If we didn't see waiters, then there couldn't have been any futexes
          // waiting on this lock when we did the CAS. New arrivals after that cannot wait for us,
          // since the futex wait call would see the lock available and immediately return.
        }
      } else {
        // Logging acquires the logging lock, avoid infinite recursion in that case.
        if (this != Locks::logging_lock_) {
          LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected state_ in unlock " << cur_state << " for " << name_;
        } else {
          LogHelper::LogLineLowStack(__FILE__,
                                     __LINE__,
                                     ::android::base::FATAL_WITHOUT_ABORT,
                                     StringPrintf("Unexpected state_ %d in unlock for %s",
                                                  cur_state, name_).c_str());
          _exit(1);
        }
      }
    } while (!done);
#else
    exclusive_owner_.store(0 /* pid */, std::memory_order_relaxed);
    CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_mutex_unlock, (&mutex_));
#endif
  }
}

void Mutex::Dump(std::ostream& os) const {
  os << (recursive_ ? "recursive " : "non-recursive ")
      << name_
      << " level=" << static_cast<int>(level_)
      << " rec=" << recursion_count_
      << " owner=" << GetExclusiveOwnerTid() << " ";
  DumpContention(os);
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Mutex& mu) {
  mu.Dump(os);
  return os;
}

void Mutex::WakeupToRespondToEmptyCheckpoint() {
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  // Wake up all the waiters so they will respond to the emtpy checkpoint.
  DCHECK(should_respond_to_empty_checkpoint_request_);
  if (UNLIKELY(get_contenders() != 0)) {
    futex(state_and_contenders_.Address(), FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, kWakeAll, nullptr, nullptr, 0);
  }
#else
  LOG(FATAL) << "Non futex case isn't supported.";
#endif
}

ReaderWriterMutex::ReaderWriterMutex(const char* name, LockLevel level)
    : BaseMutex(name, level)
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
    , state_(0), exclusive_owner_(0), num_contenders_(0)
#endif
{
#if !ART_USE_FUTEXES
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_rwlock_init, (&rwlock_, nullptr));
#endif
}

ReaderWriterMutex::~ReaderWriterMutex() {
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  CHECK_EQ(state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed), 0);
  CHECK_EQ(GetExclusiveOwnerTid(), 0);
  CHECK_EQ(num_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed), 0);
#else
  // We can't use CHECK_MUTEX_CALL here because on shutdown a suspended daemon thread
  // may still be using locks.
  int rc = pthread_rwlock_destroy(&rwlock_);
  if (rc != 0) {
    errno = rc;
    bool is_safe_to_call_abort = IsSafeToCallAbortSafe();
    PLOG(is_safe_to_call_abort ? FATAL : WARNING) << "pthread_rwlock_destroy failed for " << name_;
  }
#endif
}

void ReaderWriterMutex::ExclusiveLock(Thread* self) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
  AssertNotExclusiveHeld(self);
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  bool done = false;
  do {
    int32_t cur_state = state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    if (LIKELY(cur_state == 0)) {
      // Change state from 0 to -1 and impose load/store ordering appropriate for lock acquisition.
      done = state_.CompareAndSetWeakAcquire(0 /* cur_state*/, -1 /* new state */);
    } else {
      // Failed to acquire, hang up.
      ScopedContentionRecorder scr(this, SafeGetTid(self), GetExclusiveOwnerTid());
      if (!WaitBrieflyFor(&state_, self, [](int32_t v) { return v == 0; })) {
        num_contenders_.fetch_add(1);
        if (UNLIKELY(should_respond_to_empty_checkpoint_request_)) {
          self->CheckEmptyCheckpointFromMutex();
        }
        if (futex(state_.Address(), FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, cur_state, nullptr, nullptr, 0) != 0) {
          // EAGAIN and EINTR both indicate a spurious failure, try again from the beginning.
          // We don't use TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY so we can intentionally retry to acquire the lock.
          if ((errno != EAGAIN) && (errno != EINTR)) {
            PLOG(FATAL) << "futex wait failed for " << name_;
          }
        }
        SleepIfRuntimeDeleted(self);
        num_contenders_.fetch_sub(1);
      }
    }
  } while (!done);
  DCHECK_EQ(state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed), -1);
#else
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_rwlock_wrlock, (&rwlock_));
#endif
  DCHECK_EQ(GetExclusiveOwnerTid(), 0);
  exclusive_owner_.store(SafeGetTid(self), std::memory_order_relaxed);
  RegisterAsLocked(self);
  AssertExclusiveHeld(self);
}

void ReaderWriterMutex::ExclusiveUnlock(Thread* self) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
  AssertExclusiveHeld(self);
  RegisterAsUnlocked(self);
  DCHECK_NE(GetExclusiveOwnerTid(), 0);
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  bool done = false;
  do {
    int32_t cur_state = state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    if (LIKELY(cur_state == -1)) {
      // We're no longer the owner.
      exclusive_owner_.store(0 /* pid */, std::memory_order_relaxed);
      // Change state from -1 to 0 and impose load/store ordering appropriate for lock release.
      // Note, the num_contenders_ load below musn't reorder before the CompareAndSet.
      done = state_.CompareAndSetWeakSequentiallyConsistent(-1 /* cur_state*/, 0 /* new state */);
      if (LIKELY(done)) {  // Weak CAS may fail spuriously.
        // Wake any waiters.
        if (UNLIKELY(num_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_seq_cst) > 0)) {
          futex(state_.Address(), FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, kWakeAll, nullptr, nullptr, 0);
        }
      }
    } else {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected state_:" << cur_state << " for " << name_;
    }
  } while (!done);
#else
  exclusive_owner_.store(0 /* pid */, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_rwlock_unlock, (&rwlock_));
#endif
}

#if HAVE_TIMED_RWLOCK
bool ReaderWriterMutex::ExclusiveLockWithTimeout(Thread* self, int64_t ms, int32_t ns) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  bool done = false;
  timespec end_abs_ts;
  InitTimeSpec(true, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, ms, ns, &end_abs_ts);
  do {
    int32_t cur_state = state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    if (cur_state == 0) {
      // Change state from 0 to -1 and impose load/store ordering appropriate for lock acquisition.
      done = state_.CompareAndSetWeakAcquire(0 /* cur_state */, -1 /* new state */);
    } else {
      // Failed to acquire, hang up.
      timespec now_abs_ts;
      InitTimeSpec(true, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, 0, 0, &now_abs_ts);
      timespec rel_ts;
      if (ComputeRelativeTimeSpec(&rel_ts, end_abs_ts, now_abs_ts)) {
        return false;  // Timed out.
      }
      ScopedContentionRecorder scr(this, SafeGetTid(self), GetExclusiveOwnerTid());
      if (!WaitBrieflyFor(&state_, self, [](int32_t v) { return v == 0; })) {
        num_contenders_.fetch_add(1);
        if (UNLIKELY(should_respond_to_empty_checkpoint_request_)) {
          self->CheckEmptyCheckpointFromMutex();
        }
        if (futex(state_.Address(), FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, cur_state, &rel_ts, nullptr, 0) != 0) {
          if (errno == ETIMEDOUT) {
            num_contenders_.fetch_sub(1);
            return false;  // Timed out.
          } else if ((errno != EAGAIN) && (errno != EINTR)) {
            // EAGAIN and EINTR both indicate a spurious failure,
            // recompute the relative time out from now and try again.
            // We don't use TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY so we can recompute rel_ts;
            PLOG(FATAL) << "timed futex wait failed for " << name_;
          }
        }
        SleepIfRuntimeDeleted(self);
        num_contenders_.fetch_sub(1);
      }
    }
  } while (!done);
#else
  timespec ts;
  InitTimeSpec(true, CLOCK_REALTIME, ms, ns, &ts);
  int result = pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock(&rwlock_, &ts);
  if (result == ETIMEDOUT) {
    return false;
  }
  if (result != 0) {
    errno = result;
    PLOG(FATAL) << "pthread_rwlock_timedwrlock failed for " << name_;
  }
#endif
  exclusive_owner_.store(SafeGetTid(self), std::memory_order_relaxed);
  RegisterAsLocked(self);
  AssertSharedHeld(self);
  return true;
}
#endif

#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
void ReaderWriterMutex::HandleSharedLockContention(Thread* self, int32_t cur_state) {
  // Owner holds it exclusively, hang up.
  ScopedContentionRecorder scr(this, SafeGetTid(self), GetExclusiveOwnerTid());
  if (!WaitBrieflyFor(&state_, self, [](int32_t v) { return v >= 0; })) {
    num_contenders_.fetch_add(1);
    if (UNLIKELY(should_respond_to_empty_checkpoint_request_)) {
      self->CheckEmptyCheckpointFromMutex();
    }
    if (futex(state_.Address(), FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, cur_state, nullptr, nullptr, 0) != 0) {
      if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) {
        PLOG(FATAL) << "futex wait failed for " << name_;
      }
    }
    SleepIfRuntimeDeleted(self);
    num_contenders_.fetch_sub(1);
  }
}
#endif

bool ReaderWriterMutex::SharedTryLock(Thread* self) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  bool done = false;
  do {
    int32_t cur_state = state_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
    if (cur_state >= 0) {
      // Add as an extra reader and impose load/store ordering appropriate for lock acquisition.
      done = state_.CompareAndSetWeakAcquire(cur_state, cur_state + 1);
    } else {
      // Owner holds it exclusively.
      return false;
    }
  } while (!done);
#else
  int result = pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(&rwlock_);
  if (result == EBUSY) {
    return false;
  }
  if (result != 0) {
    errno = result;
    PLOG(FATAL) << "pthread_mutex_trylock failed for " << name_;
  }
#endif
  RegisterAsLocked(self);
  AssertSharedHeld(self);
  return true;
}

bool ReaderWriterMutex::IsSharedHeld(const Thread* self) const {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
  bool result;
  if (UNLIKELY(self == nullptr)) {  // Handle unattached threads.
    result = IsExclusiveHeld(self);  // TODO: a better best effort here.
  } else {
    result = (self->GetHeldMutex(level_) == this);
  }
  return result;
}

void ReaderWriterMutex::Dump(std::ostream& os) const {
  os << name_
      << " level=" << static_cast<int>(level_)
      << " owner=" << GetExclusiveOwnerTid()
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
      << " state=" << state_.load(std::memory_order_seq_cst)
      << " num_contenders=" << num_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_seq_cst)
#endif
      << " ";
  DumpContention(os);
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const ReaderWriterMutex& mu) {
  mu.Dump(os);
  return os;
}

std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const MutatorMutex& mu) {
  mu.Dump(os);
  return os;
}

void ReaderWriterMutex::WakeupToRespondToEmptyCheckpoint() {
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  // Wake up all the waiters so they will respond to the emtpy checkpoint.
  DCHECK(should_respond_to_empty_checkpoint_request_);
  if (UNLIKELY(num_contenders_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) > 0)) {
    futex(state_.Address(), FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, kWakeAll, nullptr, nullptr, 0);
  }
#else
  LOG(FATAL) << "Non futex case isn't supported.";
#endif
}

ConditionVariable::ConditionVariable(const char* name, Mutex& guard)
    : name_(name), guard_(guard) {
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  DCHECK_EQ(0, sequence_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed));
  num_waiters_ = 0;
#else
  pthread_condattr_t cond_attrs;
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_condattr_init, (&cond_attrs));
#if !defined(__APPLE__)
  // Apple doesn't have CLOCK_MONOTONIC or pthread_condattr_setclock.
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_condattr_setclock, (&cond_attrs, CLOCK_MONOTONIC));
#endif
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_cond_init, (&cond_, &cond_attrs));
#endif
}

ConditionVariable::~ConditionVariable() {
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  if (num_waiters_!= 0) {
    bool is_safe_to_call_abort = IsSafeToCallAbortSafe();
    LOG(is_safe_to_call_abort ? FATAL : WARNING)
        << "ConditionVariable::~ConditionVariable for " << name_
        << " called with " << num_waiters_ << " waiters.";
  }
#else
  // We can't use CHECK_MUTEX_CALL here because on shutdown a suspended daemon thread
  // may still be using condition variables.
  int rc = pthread_cond_destroy(&cond_);
  if (rc != 0) {
    errno = rc;
    bool is_safe_to_call_abort = IsSafeToCallAbortSafe();
    PLOG(is_safe_to_call_abort ? FATAL : WARNING) << "pthread_cond_destroy failed for " << name_;
  }
#endif
}

void ConditionVariable::Broadcast(Thread* self) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
  // TODO: enable below, there's a race in thread creation that causes false failures currently.
  // guard_.AssertExclusiveHeld(self);
  DCHECK_EQ(guard_.GetExclusiveOwnerTid(), SafeGetTid(self));
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  RequeueWaiters(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
#else
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_cond_broadcast, (&cond_));
#endif
}

#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
void ConditionVariable::RequeueWaiters(int32_t count) {
  if (num_waiters_ > 0) {
    sequence_++;  // Indicate a signal occurred.
    // Move waiters from the condition variable's futex to the guard's futex,
    // so that they will be woken up when the mutex is released.
    bool done = futex(sequence_.Address(),
                      FUTEX_REQUEUE_PRIVATE,
                      /* Threads to wake */ 0,
                      /* Threads to requeue*/ reinterpret_cast<const timespec*>(count),
                      guard_.state_and_contenders_.Address(),
                      0) != -1;
    if (!done && errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) {
      PLOG(FATAL) << "futex requeue failed for " << name_;
    }
  }
}
#endif


void ConditionVariable::Signal(Thread* self) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
  guard_.AssertExclusiveHeld(self);
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  RequeueWaiters(1);
#else
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_cond_signal, (&cond_));
#endif
}

void ConditionVariable::Wait(Thread* self) {
  guard_.CheckSafeToWait(self);
  WaitHoldingLocks(self);
}

void ConditionVariable::WaitHoldingLocks(Thread* self) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
  guard_.AssertExclusiveHeld(self);
  unsigned int old_recursion_count = guard_.recursion_count_;
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  num_waiters_++;
  // Ensure the Mutex is contended so that requeued threads are awoken.
  guard_.increment_contenders();
  guard_.recursion_count_ = 1;
  int32_t cur_sequence = sequence_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
  guard_.ExclusiveUnlock(self);
  if (futex(sequence_.Address(), FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, cur_sequence, nullptr, nullptr, 0) != 0) {
    // Futex failed, check it is an expected error.
    // EAGAIN == EWOULDBLK, so we let the caller try again.
    // EINTR implies a signal was sent to this thread.
    if ((errno != EINTR) && (errno != EAGAIN)) {
      PLOG(FATAL) << "futex wait failed for " << name_;
    }
  }
  SleepIfRuntimeDeleted(self);
  guard_.ExclusiveLock(self);
  CHECK_GT(num_waiters_, 0);
  num_waiters_--;
  // We awoke and so no longer require awakes from the guard_'s unlock.
  CHECK_GT(guard_.get_contenders(), 0);
  guard_.decrement_contenders();
#else
  pid_t old_owner = guard_.GetExclusiveOwnerTid();
  guard_.exclusive_owner_.store(0 /* pid */, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  guard_.recursion_count_ = 0;
  CHECK_MUTEX_CALL(pthread_cond_wait, (&cond_, &guard_.mutex_));
  guard_.exclusive_owner_.store(old_owner, std::memory_order_relaxed);
#endif
  guard_.recursion_count_ = old_recursion_count;
}

bool ConditionVariable::TimedWait(Thread* self, int64_t ms, int32_t ns) {
  DCHECK(self == nullptr || self == Thread::Current());
  bool timed_out = false;
  guard_.AssertExclusiveHeld(self);
  guard_.CheckSafeToWait(self);
  unsigned int old_recursion_count = guard_.recursion_count_;
#if ART_USE_FUTEXES
  timespec rel_ts;
  InitTimeSpec(false, CLOCK_REALTIME, ms, ns, &rel_ts);
  num_waiters_++;
  // Ensure the Mutex is contended so that requeued threads are awoken.
  guard_.increment_contenders();
  guard_.recursion_count_ = 1;
  int32_t cur_sequence = sequence_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
  guard_.ExclusiveUnlock(self);
  if (futex(sequence_.Address(), FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, cur_sequence, &rel_ts, nullptr, 0) != 0) {
    if (errno == ETIMEDOUT) {
      // Timed out we're done.
      timed_out = true;
    } else if ((errno == EAGAIN) || (errno == EINTR)) {
      // A signal or ConditionVariable::Signal/Broadcast has come in.
    } else {
      PLOG(FATAL) << "timed futex wait failed for " << name_;
    }
  }
  SleepIfRuntimeDeleted(self);
  guard_.ExclusiveLock(self);
  CHECK_GT(num_waiters_, 0);
  num_waiters_--;
  // We awoke and so no longer require awakes from the guard_'s unlock.
  CHECK_GT(guard_.get_contenders(), 0);
  guard_.decrement_contenders();
#else
#if !defined(__APPLE__)
  int clock = CLOCK_MONOTONIC;
#else
  int clock = CLOCK_REALTIME;
#endif
  pid_t old_owner = guard_.GetExclusiveOwnerTid();
  guard_.exclusive_owner_.store(0 /* pid */, std::memory_order_relaxed);
  guard_.recursion_count_ = 0;
  timespec ts;
  InitTimeSpec(true, clock, ms, ns, &ts);
  int rc;
  while ((rc = pthread_cond_timedwait(&cond_, &guard_.mutex_, &ts)) == EINTR) {
    continue;
  }

  if (rc == ETIMEDOUT) {
    timed_out = true;
  } else if (rc != 0) {
    errno = rc;
    PLOG(FATAL) << "TimedWait failed for " << name_;
  }
  guard_.exclusive_owner_.store(old_owner, std::memory_order_relaxed);
#endif
  guard_.recursion_count_ = old_recursion_count;
  return timed_out;
}

}  // namespace art