License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
diff --git a/mm/Makefile b/mm/Makefile
index e3ac3ae..4659b93 100644
--- a/mm/Makefile
+++ b/mm/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for the linux memory manager.
#
diff --git a/mm/bootmem.c b/mm/bootmem.c
index 9fedb27..6aef642 100644
--- a/mm/bootmem.c
+++ b/mm/bootmem.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* bootmem - A boot-time physical memory allocator and configurator
*
diff --git a/mm/cma.h b/mm/cma.h
index 4986128..33c0b51 100644
--- a/mm/cma.h
+++ b/mm/cma.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef __MM_CMA_H__
#define __MM_CMA_H__
diff --git a/mm/cma_debug.c b/mm/cma_debug.c
index c03ccbc..275df8b 100644
--- a/mm/cma_debug.c
+++ b/mm/cma_debug.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* CMA DebugFS Interface
*
diff --git a/mm/compaction.c b/mm/compaction.c
index 03d31a8..85395dc 100644
--- a/mm/compaction.c
+++ b/mm/compaction.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/compaction.c
*
diff --git a/mm/debug.c b/mm/debug.c
index 5715448..6726bec 100644
--- a/mm/debug.c
+++ b/mm/debug.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* mm/debug.c
*
diff --git a/mm/debug_page_ref.c b/mm/debug_page_ref.c
index 1aef3d5..f3b2c9d 100644
--- a/mm/debug_page_ref.c
+++ b/mm/debug_page_ref.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/mm_types.h>
#include <linux/tracepoint.h>
diff --git a/mm/early_ioremap.c b/mm/early_ioremap.c
index b1dd4a9..d04ac1e 100644
--- a/mm/early_ioremap.c
+++ b/mm/early_ioremap.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Provide common bits of early_ioremap() support for architectures needing
* temporary mappings during boot before ioremap() is available.
diff --git a/mm/fadvise.c b/mm/fadvise.c
index 702f239..ec70d6e 100644
--- a/mm/fadvise.c
+++ b/mm/fadvise.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* mm/fadvise.c
*
diff --git a/mm/failslab.c b/mm/failslab.c
index b0fac98..8087d97 100644
--- a/mm/failslab.c
+++ b/mm/failslab.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/fault-inject.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
diff --git a/mm/frame_vector.c b/mm/frame_vector.c
index 72ebec1..2f98df0 100644
--- a/mm/frame_vector.c
+++ b/mm/frame_vector.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/err.h>
diff --git a/mm/highmem.c b/mm/highmem.c
index 50b4ca6..59db322 100644
--- a/mm/highmem.c
+++ b/mm/highmem.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* High memory handling common code and variables.
*
diff --git a/mm/init-mm.c b/mm/init-mm.c
index 975e49f..f94d5d1 100644
--- a/mm/init-mm.c
+++ b/mm/init-mm.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/mm_types.h>
#include <linux/rbtree.h>
#include <linux/rwsem.h>
diff --git a/mm/kasan/Makefile b/mm/kasan/Makefile
index 2976a9e..3289db3 100644
--- a/mm/kasan/Makefile
+++ b/mm/kasan/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
KASAN_SANITIZE := n
UBSAN_SANITIZE_kasan.o := n
KCOV_INSTRUMENT := n
diff --git a/mm/kasan/kasan.h b/mm/kasan/kasan.h
index 1229298..c70851a 100644
--- a/mm/kasan/kasan.h
+++ b/mm/kasan/kasan.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef __MM_KASAN_KASAN_H
#define __MM_KASAN_KASAN_H
diff --git a/mm/khugepaged.c b/mm/khugepaged.c
index c01f177..43cb304 100644
--- a/mm/khugepaged.c
+++ b/mm/khugepaged.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
#include <linux/mm.h>
diff --git a/mm/kmemcheck.c b/mm/kmemcheck.c
index 2d5959c..800d64b 100644
--- a/mm/kmemcheck.c
+++ b/mm/kmemcheck.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/mm_types.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
diff --git a/mm/madvise.c b/mm/madvise.c
index fd70d6a..375cf32 100644
--- a/mm/madvise.c
+++ b/mm/madvise.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/madvise.c
*
diff --git a/mm/mempool.c b/mm/mempool.c
index 1c02948..c4a23cd 100644
--- a/mm/mempool.c
+++ b/mm/mempool.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/mempool.c
*
diff --git a/mm/memtest.c b/mm/memtest.c
index 8eaa4c3..f53ace7 100644
--- a/mm/memtest.c
+++ b/mm/memtest.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
diff --git a/mm/migrate.c b/mm/migrate.c
index e00814c..1236449 100644
--- a/mm/migrate.c
+++ b/mm/migrate.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Memory Migration functionality - linux/mm/migrate.c
*
diff --git a/mm/mincore.c b/mm/mincore.c
index c5687c4..fc37afe 100644
--- a/mm/mincore.c
+++ b/mm/mincore.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/mincore.c
*
diff --git a/mm/mlock.c b/mm/mlock.c
index dfc6f19..46af369 100644
--- a/mm/mlock.c
+++ b/mm/mlock.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/mlock.c
*
diff --git a/mm/mmzone.c b/mm/mmzone.c
index a51c0a6..4686fdc 100644
--- a/mm/mmzone.c
+++ b/mm/mmzone.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/mmzone.c
*
diff --git a/mm/mprotect.c b/mm/mprotect.c
index 6d3e2f0..ec39f730 100644
--- a/mm/mprotect.c
+++ b/mm/mprotect.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* mm/mprotect.c
*
diff --git a/mm/mremap.c b/mm/mremap.c
index cfec004..049470a 100644
--- a/mm/mremap.c
+++ b/mm/mremap.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* mm/mremap.c
*
diff --git a/mm/msync.c b/mm/msync.c
index 24e612f..ef30a42 100644
--- a/mm/msync.c
+++ b/mm/msync.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/msync.c
*
diff --git a/mm/nobootmem.c b/mm/nobootmem.c
index 3637809..9b02fda 100644
--- a/mm/nobootmem.c
+++ b/mm/nobootmem.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* bootmem - A boot-time physical memory allocator and configurator
*
diff --git a/mm/page_counter.c b/mm/page_counter.c
index 7c6a63d..2a8df3a 100644
--- a/mm/page_counter.c
+++ b/mm/page_counter.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Lockless hierarchical page accounting & limiting
*
diff --git a/mm/page_ext.c b/mm/page_ext.c
index 32f1891..4f0367d 100644
--- a/mm/page_ext.c
+++ b/mm/page_ext.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/mmzone.h>
#include <linux/bootmem.h>
diff --git a/mm/page_idle.c b/mm/page_idle.c
index 4bd03a8..0a49374 100644
--- a/mm/page_idle.c
+++ b/mm/page_idle.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/bootmem.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
diff --git a/mm/page_io.c b/mm/page_io.c
index 21502d3..5d882de 100644
--- a/mm/page_io.c
+++ b/mm/page_io.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/page_io.c
*
diff --git a/mm/page_isolation.c b/mm/page_isolation.c
index 757410d..44f2139 100644
--- a/mm/page_isolation.c
+++ b/mm/page_isolation.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/page_isolation.c
*/
diff --git a/mm/page_owner.c b/mm/page_owner.c
index 57abca6..4f44b95 100644
--- a/mm/page_owner.c
+++ b/mm/page_owner.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/debugfs.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
diff --git a/mm/page_poison.c b/mm/page_poison.c
index be19e98..e83fd44 100644
--- a/mm/page_poison.c
+++ b/mm/page_poison.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
diff --git a/mm/page_vma_mapped.c b/mm/page_vma_mapped.c
index 53afbb9..d22b843 100644
--- a/mm/page_vma_mapped.c
+++ b/mm/page_vma_mapped.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
diff --git a/mm/pagewalk.c b/mm/pagewalk.c
index 1a41979..8bd4afa 100644
--- a/mm/pagewalk.c
+++ b/mm/pagewalk.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
diff --git a/mm/percpu-internal.h b/mm/percpu-internal.h
index 7065faf..b1739dc 100644
--- a/mm/percpu-internal.h
+++ b/mm/percpu-internal.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef _MM_PERCPU_INTERNAL_H
#define _MM_PERCPU_INTERNAL_H
diff --git a/mm/pgtable-generic.c b/mm/pgtable-generic.c
index 1175f6a..1e4ee76 100644
--- a/mm/pgtable-generic.c
+++ b/mm/pgtable-generic.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* mm/pgtable-generic.c
*
diff --git a/mm/quicklist.c b/mm/quicklist.c
index daf6ff6..5e98ac7 100644
--- a/mm/quicklist.c
+++ b/mm/quicklist.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Quicklist support.
*
diff --git a/mm/slab.c b/mm/slab.c
index 04dec48..b709588 100644
--- a/mm/slab.c
+++ b/mm/slab.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/slab.c
* Written by Mark Hemment, 1996/97.
diff --git a/mm/slab.h b/mm/slab.h
index 0733628..028cdc7 100644
--- a/mm/slab.h
+++ b/mm/slab.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef MM_SLAB_H
#define MM_SLAB_H
/*
diff --git a/mm/slab_common.c b/mm/slab_common.c
index 8016459..0d7fe71 100644
--- a/mm/slab_common.c
+++ b/mm/slab_common.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Slab allocator functions that are independent of the allocator strategy
*
diff --git a/mm/slob.c b/mm/slob.c
index a8bd6fa..1024916 100644
--- a/mm/slob.c
+++ b/mm/slob.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* SLOB Allocator: Simple List Of Blocks
*
diff --git a/mm/slub.c b/mm/slub.c
index 163352c..1efbb812 100644
--- a/mm/slub.c
+++ b/mm/slub.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* SLUB: A slab allocator that limits cache line use instead of queuing
* objects in per cpu and per node lists.
diff --git a/mm/sparse-vmemmap.c b/mm/sparse-vmemmap.c
index d1a39b8..478ce6d 100644
--- a/mm/sparse-vmemmap.c
+++ b/mm/sparse-vmemmap.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Virtual Memory Map support
*
diff --git a/mm/sparse.c b/mm/sparse.c
index 83b3bf6..4900707 100644
--- a/mm/sparse.c
+++ b/mm/sparse.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* sparse memory mappings.
*/
diff --git a/mm/swap_cgroup.c b/mm/swap_cgroup.c
index fcd2740..45affae 100644
--- a/mm/swap_cgroup.c
+++ b/mm/swap_cgroup.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/swap_cgroup.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
diff --git a/mm/swap_slots.c b/mm/swap_slots.c
index 13a1740..d81cfc5a 100644
--- a/mm/swap_slots.c
+++ b/mm/swap_slots.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Manage cache of swap slots to be used for and returned from
* swap.
diff --git a/mm/swap_state.c b/mm/swap_state.c
index 05b6803..3264394 100644
--- a/mm/swap_state.c
+++ b/mm/swap_state.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/swap_state.c
*
diff --git a/mm/vmacache.c b/mm/vmacache.c
index 7ffa0ee..db7596e 100644
--- a/mm/vmacache.c
+++ b/mm/vmacache.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Copyright (C) 2014 Davidlohr Bueso.
*/
diff --git a/mm/vmscan.c b/mm/vmscan.c
index 13d711d..eb2f031 100644
--- a/mm/vmscan.c
+++ b/mm/vmscan.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/mm/vmscan.c
*
diff --git a/mm/workingset.c b/mm/workingset.c
index 7119cd7..b997c9d 100644
--- a/mm/workingset.c
+++ b/mm/workingset.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Workingset detection
*