License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/Makefile b/arch/alpha/kernel/Makefile
index 8ce13d7..bf7b41f 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for the linux kernel.
#
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/asm-offsets.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/asm-offsets.c
index 6ff8886..2e125e5 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/asm-offsets.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/asm-offsets.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Generate definitions needed by assembly language modules.
* This code generates raw asm output which is post-processed to extract
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/binfmt_loader.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/binfmt_loader.c
index 9525660..a8d0d6e 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/binfmt_loader.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/binfmt_loader.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c
index 6a61dee..8e9a4196 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/console.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c
index 708c831..1bf3eef 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_apecs.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c
index c44339e..4b38386 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_cia.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c
index 83d0a35..aec7572 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_irongate.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c
index cb2801c..81c0c436 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_lca.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c
index b10c316..bdebb8c2 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c
index da7bcc3..b1549db 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_mcpcia.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c
index c5a271d..75d622d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_polaris.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c
index 3ada4f7..2c00b61 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_t2.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c
index b532d92..132b06b 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_titan.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c
index 61893d7..e7c956e 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_tsunami.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c
index 7e07244..cad36fc 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/core_wildfire.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S b/arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S
index 98703d9..d92abb0 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* arch/alpha/kernel/entry.S
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c
index 13d53b1..94e1b3d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_common.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c
index 51267ac..8144f20 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev6.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c
index d738a67..565de1a 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_ev7.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h
index ae529c4..737b958 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_impl.h
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c
index ae54ad9..c0c0cce 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_marvel.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c
index 14b26c4..0ffb2fe 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/err_titan.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c
index d584c85..297476b 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/es1888.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c
index c0c7155..8ac0088 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/gct.c
*/
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/head.S b/arch/alpha/kernel/head.S
index c352499..bb48a8a 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/head.S
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/head.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* arch/alpha/kernel/head.S
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/io.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/io.c
index 19c5875..3e3d49c 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/io.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/io.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Alpha IO and memory functions.
*/
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c
index 2f26ae7..f6d2946 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/irq.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_alpha.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_alpha.c
index 1c8625c..da3e10d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_alpha.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_alpha.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Alpha specific irq code.
*/
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c
index e1861c7..5d54c07 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_i8259.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h
index d507a23..16f2b02 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_impl.h
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c
index 13c97a5..a968b10 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_pyxis.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_srm.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_srm.c
index a79fa30..bfacd6a 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_srm.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/irq_srm.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Handle interrupts from the SRM, assuming no additional weirdness.
*/
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h
index b7d6960..38f045e 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/machvec_impl.h
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c
index df0d0a5..ce3a675 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/osf_sys.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.c
index 27dcbff..63aee5d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/ioport.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.h
index 25e1695..0435330 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pc873xx.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef _PC873xx_H_
#define _PC873xx_H_
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c
index 676bab6..b995987 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-noop.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c
index cbecd52..f94c732 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* arch/alpha/kernel/pci-sysfs.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c
index 564114e..08235bb 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/pci.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h
index 2b0ac429..2623160 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_impl.h
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c
index 7fd2329..83b34b9 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/pci_iommu.c
*/
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/perf_event.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/perf_event.c
index 5c218aa..a1f6bc7f 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/perf_event.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/perf_event.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Hardware performance events for the Alpha.
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c
index 0b96350..74bfb1f 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/process.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/proto.h b/arch/alpha/kernel/proto.h
index da2d6ec..f1fce94 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/proto.h
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/proto.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/io.h>
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/ptrace.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/ptrace.c
index 285a82d..cb8d599 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/ptrace.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/ptrace.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/* ptrace.c */
/* By Ross Biro 1/23/92 */
/* edited by Linus Torvalds */
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c
index ceed68c..b3da0dcd 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/rtc.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c
index 249229a..5576f76 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/setup.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c
index 8129dd92..9ebb3bc 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/signal.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/smc37c93x.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/smc37c93x.c
index 6886b83..733f089 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/smc37c93x.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/smc37c93x.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* SMC 37C93X initialization code
*/
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
index f6726a7..d0dccae 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/smp.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c
index e9c45b6..5da0aec 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/srmcons.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c
index 118dc6a..dabb0d2 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_alcor.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c
index 4c50f8f4..b8687da 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_cabriolet.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c
index 6c35159..3d81694 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_dp264.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c
index ad40a42..59fd789 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eb64p.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c
index 15f4208..3c8c36d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_eiger.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c
index 608f2a7..d0d44f5 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_jensen.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c
index 3e53392..8d34cf6 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_marvel.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c
index d5b9776..d203377 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_miata.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c
index 5e82dc1..68b7d0c 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_mikasa.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c
index 8ae04a1..cefa225 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_nautilus.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c
index 063e594..1f2e8b1 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_noritake.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c
index dfd510a..b21e572 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rawhide.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c
index a3f4852..197660b 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_ruffian.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c
index 08ee737..b09146e 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_rx164.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c
index 8a0aa6d..76eb2af 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sable.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c
index febd24e..b44b1cb 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sio.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c
index d063b36..6c92f25 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_sx164.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c
index dd0f1ea..b0913e6 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_takara.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c
index a53cf03..c8390d8d 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_titan.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c
index ee18748..8290274 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/sys_wildfire.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S b/arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S
index 5b4514a..1374e59 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* arch/alpha/kernel/systbls.S
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c
index 3bfe058..0069360 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* linux/arch/alpha/kernel/time.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c b/arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c
index 49d3b1e..4bd99a7 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* arch/alpha/kernel/traps.c
*
diff --git a/arch/alpha/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S b/arch/alpha/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
index cebecfb..c4b5cec 100644
--- a/arch/alpha/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
+++ b/arch/alpha/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#include <asm-generic/vmlinux.lds.h>
#include <asm/thread_info.h>
#include <asm/cache.h>