License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
diff --git a/block/Kconfig b/block/Kconfig
index 3ab42bb..28ec557 100644
--- a/block/Kconfig
+++ b/block/Kconfig
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Block layer core configuration
#
diff --git a/block/Kconfig.iosched b/block/Kconfig.iosched
index fd2cefa..a4a8914 100644
--- a/block/Kconfig.iosched
+++ b/block/Kconfig.iosched
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
if BLOCK
menu "IO Schedulers"
diff --git a/block/Makefile b/block/Makefile
index 9396ebc..6a56303 100644
--- a/block/Makefile
+++ b/block/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for the kernel block layer
#
diff --git a/block/blk-ioc.c b/block/blk-ioc.c
index 63898d2..f23311e 100644
--- a/block/blk-ioc.c
+++ b/block/blk-ioc.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Functions related to io context handling
*/
diff --git a/block/blk-lib.c b/block/blk-lib.c
index 62240f8..63fb971 100644
--- a/block/blk-lib.c
+++ b/block/blk-lib.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Functions related to generic helpers functions
*/
diff --git a/block/blk-map.c b/block/blk-map.c
index 2547016..d5251ed 100644
--- a/block/blk-map.c
+++ b/block/blk-map.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Functions related to mapping data to requests
*/
diff --git a/block/blk-merge.c b/block/blk-merge.c
index aa524ca..f5dedd5 100644
--- a/block/blk-merge.c
+++ b/block/blk-merge.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Functions related to segment and merge handling
*/
diff --git a/block/blk-mq-debugfs.h b/block/blk-mq-debugfs.h
index a182e6f..b9d366e 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq-debugfs.h
+++ b/block/blk-mq-debugfs.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef INT_BLK_MQ_DEBUGFS_H
#define INT_BLK_MQ_DEBUGFS_H
diff --git a/block/blk-mq-sched.h b/block/blk-mq-sched.h
index 9267d0b7..ba1d141 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq-sched.h
+++ b/block/blk-mq-sched.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef BLK_MQ_SCHED_H
#define BLK_MQ_SCHED_H
diff --git a/block/blk-mq-tag.h b/block/blk-mq-tag.h
index 5cb51e5..c190165 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq-tag.h
+++ b/block/blk-mq-tag.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef INT_BLK_MQ_TAG_H
#define INT_BLK_MQ_TAG_H
diff --git a/block/blk-mq.h b/block/blk-mq.h
index ef15b34..4933af9 100644
--- a/block/blk-mq.h
+++ b/block/blk-mq.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef INT_BLK_MQ_H
#define INT_BLK_MQ_H
diff --git a/block/blk-softirq.c b/block/blk-softirq.c
index 07125e7..01e2b35 100644
--- a/block/blk-softirq.c
+++ b/block/blk-softirq.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Functions related to softirq rq completions
*/
diff --git a/block/blk-stat.h b/block/blk-stat.h
index 2fb20d1..2dd3634 100644
--- a/block/blk-stat.h
+++ b/block/blk-stat.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef BLK_STAT_H
#define BLK_STAT_H
diff --git a/block/blk-sysfs.c b/block/blk-sysfs.c
index b8362c0..e54be40 100644
--- a/block/blk-sysfs.c
+++ b/block/blk-sysfs.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Functions related to sysfs handling
*/
diff --git a/block/blk-tag.c b/block/blk-tag.c
index e1a9c15..09f19c6 100644
--- a/block/blk-tag.c
+++ b/block/blk-tag.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Functions related to tagged command queuing
*/
diff --git a/block/blk-throttle.c b/block/blk-throttle.c
index 17816a0..8631763 100644
--- a/block/blk-throttle.c
+++ b/block/blk-throttle.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Interface for controlling IO bandwidth on a request queue
*
diff --git a/block/blk-wbt.h b/block/blk-wbt.h
index df6de50..a232c98 100644
--- a/block/blk-wbt.h
+++ b/block/blk-wbt.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef WB_THROTTLE_H
#define WB_THROTTLE_H
diff --git a/block/blk.h b/block/blk.h
index fcb9775..85be8b2 100644
--- a/block/blk.h
+++ b/block/blk.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef BLK_INTERNAL_H
#define BLK_INTERNAL_H
diff --git a/block/bounce.c b/block/bounce.c
index 5793c2d..fceb1a9 100644
--- a/block/bounce.c
+++ b/block/bounce.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/* bounce buffer handling for block devices
*
* - Split from highmem.c
diff --git a/block/cmdline-parser.c b/block/cmdline-parser.c
index 9dbc67e..f2a1457 100644
--- a/block/cmdline-parser.c
+++ b/block/cmdline-parser.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Parse command line, get partition information
*
diff --git a/block/compat_ioctl.c b/block/compat_ioctl.c
index abaf9d7..6ca015f 100644
--- a/block/compat_ioctl.c
+++ b/block/compat_ioctl.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/blkpg.h>
#include <linux/blktrace_api.h>
diff --git a/block/partition-generic.c b/block/partition-generic.c
index 88c555d..91622db 100644
--- a/block/partition-generic.c
+++ b/block/partition-generic.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Code extracted from drivers/block/genhd.c
* Copyright (C) 1991-1998 Linus Torvalds
diff --git a/block/partitions/Kconfig b/block/partitions/Kconfig
index 9b29a99..37b9710 100644
--- a/block/partitions/Kconfig
+++ b/block/partitions/Kconfig
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Partition configuration
#
diff --git a/block/partitions/Makefile b/block/partitions/Makefile
index 37a9527..2f276b6 100644
--- a/block/partitions/Makefile
+++ b/block/partitions/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for the linux kernel.
#
diff --git a/block/partitions/acorn.h b/block/partitions/acorn.h
index ede8285..67b0660 100644
--- a/block/partitions/acorn.h
+++ b/block/partitions/acorn.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* linux/fs/partitions/acorn.h
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/aix.c b/block/partitions/aix.c
index f3ed7b2..007f95e 100644
--- a/block/partitions/aix.c
+++ b/block/partitions/aix.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/aix.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/amiga.c b/block/partitions/amiga.c
index 2b13533..5609366 100644
--- a/block/partitions/amiga.c
+++ b/block/partitions/amiga.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/amiga.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/atari.c b/block/partitions/atari.c
index ff1fb93..2305840 100644
--- a/block/partitions/atari.c
+++ b/block/partitions/atari.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/atari.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/atari.h b/block/partitions/atari.h
index f2ec43b..01c2b94 100644
--- a/block/partitions/atari.h
+++ b/block/partitions/atari.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* fs/partitions/atari.h
* Moved by Russell King from:
diff --git a/block/partitions/check.c b/block/partitions/check.c
index 16118d1..720145c 100644
--- a/block/partitions/check.c
+++ b/block/partitions/check.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/check.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/check.h b/block/partitions/check.h
index eade17e..6042f76 100644
--- a/block/partitions/check.h
+++ b/block/partitions/check.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/blkdev.h>
#include <linux/genhd.h>
diff --git a/block/partitions/cmdline.c b/block/partitions/cmdline.c
index 5141b56..e333583 100644
--- a/block/partitions/cmdline.c
+++ b/block/partitions/cmdline.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Copyright (C) 2013 HUAWEI
* Author: Cai Zhiyong <caizhiyong@huawei.com>
diff --git a/block/partitions/cmdline.h b/block/partitions/cmdline.h
index 26e0f8d..e64a316 100644
--- a/block/partitions/cmdline.h
+++ b/block/partitions/cmdline.h
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
int cmdline_partition(struct parsed_partitions *state);
diff --git a/block/partitions/ibm.c b/block/partitions/ibm.c
index 14b081a..a5d480f 100644
--- a/block/partitions/ibm.c
+++ b/block/partitions/ibm.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Author(s)......: Holger Smolinski <Holger.Smolinski@de.ibm.com>
* Volker Sameske <sameske@de.ibm.com>
diff --git a/block/partitions/karma.c b/block/partitions/karma.c
index 9721fa5..59812d7 100644
--- a/block/partitions/karma.c
+++ b/block/partitions/karma.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/karma.c
* Rio Karma partition info.
diff --git a/block/partitions/mac.c b/block/partitions/mac.c
index 621317a..b609533 100644
--- a/block/partitions/mac.c
+++ b/block/partitions/mac.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/mac.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/mac.h b/block/partitions/mac.h
index 3c7d984..453ed29 100644
--- a/block/partitions/mac.h
+++ b/block/partitions/mac.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* fs/partitions/mac.h
*/
diff --git a/block/partitions/msdos.c b/block/partitions/msdos.c
index 5610cd5..0af3a3d 100644
--- a/block/partitions/msdos.c
+++ b/block/partitions/msdos.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/msdos.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/osf.c b/block/partitions/osf.c
index 764b86a..4b87397 100644
--- a/block/partitions/osf.c
+++ b/block/partitions/osf.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/osf.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/sgi.c b/block/partitions/sgi.c
index ea8a86d..d7b421c 100644
--- a/block/partitions/sgi.c
+++ b/block/partitions/sgi.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/sgi.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/sun.c b/block/partitions/sun.c
index b5b6fcf..90f3672 100644
--- a/block/partitions/sun.c
+++ b/block/partitions/sun.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/sun.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/sysv68.c b/block/partitions/sysv68.c
index 9627ccf..92e8108 100644
--- a/block/partitions/sysv68.c
+++ b/block/partitions/sysv68.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/sysv68.c
*
diff --git a/block/partitions/ultrix.c b/block/partitions/ultrix.c
index 8dbaf9f..ecd0d73 100644
--- a/block/partitions/ultrix.c
+++ b/block/partitions/ultrix.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* fs/partitions/ultrix.c
*