adb/commandline.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

#include <assert.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/types.h>

#if !defined(_WIN32)
#include <termios.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#endif

#include "sysdeps.h"

#define  TRACE_TAG  TRACE_ADB
#include "adb.h"
#include "adb_auth.h"
#include "adb_client.h"
#include "adb_io.h"
#include "file_sync_service.h"

static int do_cmd(transport_type ttype, const char* serial, const char *cmd, ...);

int find_sync_dirs(const char *srcarg,
        char **android_srcdir_out, char **data_srcdir_out, char **vendor_srcdir_out);
int install_app(transport_type transport, const char* serial, int argc,
                const char** argv);
int install_multiple_app(transport_type transport, const char* serial, int argc,
                         const char** argv);
int uninstall_app(transport_type transport, const char* serial, int argc,
                  const char** argv);

static const char *gProductOutPath = NULL;
extern int gListenAll;

static char *product_file(const char *extra)
{
    if (gProductOutPath == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: Product directory not specified; "
                "use -p or define ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    int n = strlen(gProductOutPath) + strlen(extra) + 2;
    char* x = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(n));
    if (x == 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: Out of memory (product_file())\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    snprintf(x, (size_t)n, "%s" OS_PATH_SEPARATOR_STR "%s", gProductOutPath, extra);
    return x;
}

void version(FILE * out) {
    fprintf(out, "Android Debug Bridge version %d.%d.%d\n",
         ADB_VERSION_MAJOR, ADB_VERSION_MINOR, ADB_SERVER_VERSION);
}

void help()
{
    version(stderr);

    fprintf(stderr,
        "\n"
        " -a                            - directs adb to listen on all interfaces for a connection\n"
        " -d                            - directs command to the only connected USB device\n"
        "                                 returns an error if more than one USB device is present.\n"
        " -e                            - directs command to the only running emulator.\n"
        "                                 returns an error if more than one emulator is running.\n"
        " -s <specific device>          - directs command to the device or emulator with the given\n"
        "                                 serial number or qualifier. Overrides ANDROID_SERIAL\n"
        "                                 environment variable.\n"
        " -p <product name or path>     - simple product name like 'sooner', or\n"
        "                                 a relative/absolute path to a product\n"
        "                                 out directory like 'out/target/product/sooner'.\n"
        "                                 If -p is not specified, the ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT\n"
        "                                 environment variable is used, which must\n"
        "                                 be an absolute path.\n"
        " -H                            - Name of adb server host (default: localhost)\n"
        " -P                            - Port of adb server (default: 5037)\n"
        " devices [-l]                  - list all connected devices\n"
        "                                 ('-l' will also list device qualifiers)\n"
        " connect <host>[:<port>]       - connect to a device via TCP/IP\n"
        "                                 Port 5555 is used by default if no port number is specified.\n"
        " disconnect [<host>[:<port>]]  - disconnect from a TCP/IP device.\n"
        "                                 Port 5555 is used by default if no port number is specified.\n"
        "                                 Using this command with no additional arguments\n"
        "                                 will disconnect from all connected TCP/IP devices.\n"
        "\n"
        "device commands:\n"
        "  adb push [-p] <local> <remote>\n"
        "                               - copy file/dir to device\n"
        "                                 ('-p' to display the transfer progress)\n"
        "  adb pull [-p] [-a] <remote> [<local>]\n"
        "                               - copy file/dir from device\n"
        "                                 ('-p' to display the transfer progress)\n"
        "                                 ('-a' means copy timestamp and mode)\n"
        "  adb sync [ <directory> ]     - copy host->device only if changed\n"
        "                                 (-l means list but don't copy)\n"
        "                                 (see 'adb help all')\n"
        "  adb shell                    - run remote shell interactively\n"
        "  adb shell <command>          - run remote shell command\n"
        "  adb emu <command>            - run emulator console command\n"
        "  adb logcat [ <filter-spec> ] - View device log\n"
        "  adb forward --list           - list all forward socket connections.\n"
        "                                 the format is a list of lines with the following format:\n"
        "                                    <serial> \" \" <local> \" \" <remote> \"\\n\"\n"
        "  adb forward <local> <remote> - forward socket connections\n"
        "                                 forward specs are one of: \n"
        "                                   tcp:<port>\n"
        "                                   localabstract:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "                                   localreserved:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "                                   localfilesystem:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "                                   dev:<character device name>\n"
        "                                   jdwp:<process pid> (remote only)\n"
        "  adb forward --no-rebind <local> <remote>\n"
        "                               - same as 'adb forward <local> <remote>' but fails\n"
        "                                 if <local> is already forwarded\n"
        "  adb forward --remove <local> - remove a specific forward socket connection\n"
        "  adb forward --remove-all     - remove all forward socket connections\n"
        "  adb reverse --list           - list all reverse socket connections from device\n"
        "  adb reverse <remote> <local> - reverse socket connections\n"
        "                                 reverse specs are one of:\n"
        "                                   tcp:<port>\n"
        "                                   localabstract:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "                                   localreserved:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "                                   localfilesystem:<unix domain socket name>\n"
        "  adb reverse --norebind <remote> <local>\n"
        "                               - same as 'adb reverse <remote> <local>' but fails\n"
        "                                 if <remote> is already reversed.\n"
        "  adb reverse --remove <remote>\n"
        "                               - remove a specific reversed socket connection\n"
        "  adb reverse --remove-all     - remove all reversed socket connections from device\n"
        "  adb jdwp                     - list PIDs of processes hosting a JDWP transport\n"
        "  adb install [-lrtsd] <file>\n"
        "  adb install-multiple [-lrtsdp] <file...>\n"
        "                               - push this package file to the device and install it\n"
        "                                 (-l: forward lock application)\n"
        "                                 (-r: replace existing application)\n"
        "                                 (-t: allow test packages)\n"
        "                                 (-s: install application on sdcard)\n"
        "                                 (-d: allow version code downgrade)\n"
        "                                 (-p: partial application install)\n"
        "  adb uninstall [-k] <package> - remove this app package from the device\n"
        "                                 ('-k' means keep the data and cache directories)\n"
        "  adb bugreport                - return all information from the device\n"
        "                                 that should be included in a bug report.\n"
        "\n"
        "  adb backup [-f <file>] [-apk|-noapk] [-obb|-noobb] [-shared|-noshared] [-all] [-system|-nosystem] [<packages...>]\n"
        "                               - write an archive of the device's data to <file>.\n"
        "                                 If no -f option is supplied then the data is written\n"
        "                                 to \"backup.ab\" in the current directory.\n"
        "                                 (-apk|-noapk enable/disable backup of the .apks themselves\n"
        "                                    in the archive; the default is noapk.)\n"
        "                                 (-obb|-noobb enable/disable backup of any installed apk expansion\n"
        "                                    (aka .obb) files associated with each application; the default\n"
        "                                    is noobb.)\n"
        "                                 (-shared|-noshared enable/disable backup of the device's\n"
        "                                    shared storage / SD card contents; the default is noshared.)\n"
        "                                 (-all means to back up all installed applications)\n"
        "                                 (-system|-nosystem toggles whether -all automatically includes\n"
        "                                    system applications; the default is to include system apps)\n"
        "                                 (<packages...> is the list of applications to be backed up.  If\n"
        "                                    the -all or -shared flags are passed, then the package\n"
        "                                    list is optional.  Applications explicitly given on the\n"
        "                                    command line will be included even if -nosystem would\n"
        "                                    ordinarily cause them to be omitted.)\n"
        "\n"
        "  adb restore <file>           - restore device contents from the <file> backup archive\n"
        "\n"
        "  adb disable-verity           - disable dm-verity checking on USERDEBUG builds\n"
        "  adb enable-verity            - re-enable dm-verity checking on USERDEBUG builds\n"
        "  adb keygen <file>            - generate adb public/private key. The private key is stored in <file>,\n"
        "                                 and the public key is stored in <file>.pub. Any existing files\n"
        "                                 are overwritten.\n"
        "  adb help                     - show this help message\n"
        "  adb version                  - show version num\n"
        "\n"
        "scripting:\n"
        "  adb wait-for-device          - block until device is online\n"
        "  adb start-server             - ensure that there is a server running\n"
        "  adb kill-server              - kill the server if it is running\n"
        "  adb get-state                - prints: offline | bootloader | device\n"
        "  adb get-serialno             - prints: <serial-number>\n"
        "  adb get-devpath              - prints: <device-path>\n"
        "  adb status-window            - continuously print device status for a specified device\n"
        "  adb remount                  - remounts the /system and /vendor (if present) partitions on the device read-write\n"
        "  adb reboot [bootloader|recovery] - reboots the device, optionally into the bootloader or recovery program\n"
        "  adb reboot-bootloader        - reboots the device into the bootloader\n"
        "  adb root                     - restarts the adbd daemon with root permissions\n"
        "  adb unroot                   - restarts the adbd daemon without root permissions\n"
        "  adb usb                      - restarts the adbd daemon listening on USB\n"
        "  adb tcpip <port>             - restarts the adbd daemon listening on TCP on the specified port\n"
        "networking:\n"
        "  adb ppp <tty> [parameters]   - Run PPP over USB.\n"
        " Note: you should not automatically start a PPP connection.\n"
        " <tty> refers to the tty for PPP stream. Eg. dev:/dev/omap_csmi_tty1\n"
        " [parameters] - Eg. defaultroute debug dump local notty usepeerdns\n"
        "\n"
        "adb sync notes: adb sync [ <directory> ]\n"
        "  <localdir> can be interpreted in several ways:\n"
        "\n"
        "  - If <directory> is not specified, /system, /vendor (if present), and /data partitions will be updated.\n"
        "\n"
        "  - If it is \"system\", \"vendor\" or \"data\", only the corresponding partition\n"
        "    is updated.\n"
        "\n"
        "environmental variables:\n"
        "  ADB_TRACE                    - Print debug information. A comma separated list of the following values\n"
        "                                 1 or all, adb, sockets, packets, rwx, usb, sync, sysdeps, transport, jdwp\n"
        "  ANDROID_SERIAL               - The serial number to connect to. -s takes priority over this if given.\n"
        "  ANDROID_LOG_TAGS             - When used with the logcat option, only these debug tags are printed.\n"
        );
}

int usage()
{
    help();
    return 1;
}

#if defined(_WIN32)

// Windows does not have <termio.h>.
static void stdin_raw_init(int fd) {

}

static void stdin_raw_restore(int fd) {

}

#else
static struct termios tio_save;

static void stdin_raw_init(int fd)
{
    struct termios tio;

    if(tcgetattr(fd, &tio)) return;
    if(tcgetattr(fd, &tio_save)) return;

    tio.c_lflag = 0; /* disable CANON, ECHO*, etc */

        /* no timeout but request at least one character per read */
    tio.c_cc[VTIME] = 0;
    tio.c_cc[VMIN] = 1;

    tcsetattr(fd, TCSANOW, &tio);
    tcflush(fd, TCIFLUSH);
}

static void stdin_raw_restore(int fd)
{
    tcsetattr(fd, TCSANOW, &tio_save);
    tcflush(fd, TCIFLUSH);
}
#endif

static void read_and_dump(int fd)
{
    char buf[4096];
    int len;

    while(fd >= 0) {
        D("read_and_dump(): pre adb_read(fd=%d)\n", fd);
        len = adb_read(fd, buf, 4096);
        D("read_and_dump(): post adb_read(fd=%d): len=%d\n", fd, len);
        if(len == 0) {
            break;
        }

        if(len < 0) {
            if(errno == EINTR) continue;
            break;
        }
        fwrite(buf, 1, len, stdout);
        fflush(stdout);
    }
}

static void read_status_line(int fd, char* buf, size_t count)
{
    count--;
    while (count > 0) {
        int len = adb_read(fd, buf, count);
        if (len == 0) {
            break;
        } else if (len < 0) {
            if (errno == EINTR) continue;
            break;
        }

        buf += len;
        count -= len;
    }
    *buf = '\0';
}

static void copy_to_file(int inFd, int outFd) {
    const size_t BUFSIZE = 32 * 1024;
    char* buf = (char*) malloc(BUFSIZE);
    int len;
    long total = 0;

    D("copy_to_file(%d -> %d)\n", inFd, outFd);

    if (inFd == STDIN_FILENO) {
        stdin_raw_init(STDIN_FILENO);
    }

    for (;;) {
        if (inFd == STDIN_FILENO) {
            len = unix_read(inFd, buf, BUFSIZE);
        } else {
            len = adb_read(inFd, buf, BUFSIZE);
        }
        if (len == 0) {
            D("copy_to_file() : read 0 bytes; exiting\n");
            break;
        }
        if (len < 0) {
            if (errno == EINTR) {
                D("copy_to_file() : EINTR, retrying\n");
                continue;
            }
            D("copy_to_file() : error %d\n", errno);
            break;
        }
        if (outFd == STDOUT_FILENO) {
            fwrite(buf, 1, len, stdout);
            fflush(stdout);
        } else {
            adb_write(outFd, buf, len);
        }
        total += len;
    }

    if (inFd == STDIN_FILENO) {
        stdin_raw_restore(STDIN_FILENO);
    }

    D("copy_to_file() finished after %lu bytes\n", total);
    free(buf);
}

static void *stdin_read_thread(void *x)
{
    int fd, fdi;
    unsigned char buf[1024];
    int r, n;
    int state = 0;

    int *fds = (int*) x;
    fd = fds[0];
    fdi = fds[1];
    free(fds);

    for(;;) {
        /* fdi is really the client's stdin, so use read, not adb_read here */
        D("stdin_read_thread(): pre unix_read(fdi=%d,...)\n", fdi);
        r = unix_read(fdi, buf, 1024);
        D("stdin_read_thread(): post unix_read(fdi=%d,...)\n", fdi);
        if(r == 0) break;
        if(r < 0) {
            if(errno == EINTR) continue;
            break;
        }
        for(n = 0; n < r; n++){
            switch(buf[n]) {
            case '\n':
                state = 1;
                break;
            case '\r':
                state = 1;
                break;
            case '~':
                if(state == 1) state++;
                break;
            case '.':
                if(state == 2) {
                    fprintf(stderr,"\n* disconnect *\n");
                    stdin_raw_restore(fdi);
                    exit(0);
                }
            default:
                state = 0;
            }
        }
        r = adb_write(fd, buf, r);
        if(r <= 0) {
            break;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int interactive_shell(void)
{
    adb_thread_t thr;
    int fdi, fd;

    fd = adb_connect("shell:");
    if(fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr,"error: %s\n", adb_error());
        return 1;
    }
    fdi = 0; //dup(0);

    int* fds = reinterpret_cast<int*>(malloc(sizeof(int) * 2));
    fds[0] = fd;
    fds[1] = fdi;

    stdin_raw_init(fdi);
    adb_thread_create(&thr, stdin_read_thread, fds);
    read_and_dump(fd);
    stdin_raw_restore(fdi);
    return 0;
}


static void format_host_command(char* buffer, size_t  buflen, const char* command, transport_type ttype, const char* serial)
{
    if (serial) {
        snprintf(buffer, buflen, "host-serial:%s:%s", serial, command);
    } else {
        const char* prefix = "host";
        if (ttype == kTransportUsb)
            prefix = "host-usb";
        else if (ttype == kTransportLocal)
            prefix = "host-local";

        snprintf(buffer, buflen, "%s:%s", prefix, command);
    }
}

int adb_download_buffer(const char *service, const char *fn, const void* data, int sz,
                        unsigned progress)
{
    char buf[4096];
    unsigned total;
    int fd;

    sprintf(buf,"%s:%d", service, sz);
    fd = adb_connect(buf);
    if(fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr,"error: %s\n", adb_error());
        return -1;
    }

    int opt = CHUNK_SIZE;
    opt = adb_setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (const void *) &opt, sizeof(opt));

    total = sz;
    const uint8_t* ptr = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);

    if(progress) {
        char *x = strrchr(service, ':');
        if(x) service = x + 1;
    }

    while(sz > 0) {
        unsigned xfer = (sz > CHUNK_SIZE) ? CHUNK_SIZE : sz;
        if(!WriteFdExactly(fd, ptr, xfer)) {
            adb_status(fd);
            fprintf(stderr,"* failed to write data '%s' *\n", adb_error());
            return -1;
        }
        sz -= xfer;
        ptr += xfer;
        if(progress) {
            printf("sending: '%s' %4d%%    \r", fn, (int)(100LL - ((100LL * sz) / (total))));
            fflush(stdout);
        }
    }
    if(progress) {
        printf("\n");
    }

    if(!ReadFdExactly(fd, buf, 4)){
        fprintf(stderr,"* error reading response *\n");
        adb_close(fd);
        return -1;
    }
    if(memcmp(buf, "OKAY", 4)) {
        buf[4] = 0;
        fprintf(stderr,"* error response '%s' *\n", buf);
        adb_close(fd);
        return -1;
    }

    adb_close(fd);
    return 0;
}


int adb_download(const char *service, const char *fn, unsigned progress)
{
    void *data;
    unsigned sz;

    data = load_file(fn, &sz);
    if(data == 0) {
        fprintf(stderr,"* cannot read '%s' *\n", fn);
        return -1;
    }

    int status = adb_download_buffer(service, fn, data, sz, progress);
    free(data);
    return status;
}

#define SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE (CHUNK_SIZE)

/*
 * The sideload-host protocol serves the data in a file (given on the
 * command line) to the client, using a simple protocol:
 *
 * - The connect message includes the total number of bytes in the
 *   file and a block size chosen by us.
 *
 * - The other side sends the desired block number as eight decimal
 *   digits (eg "00000023" for block 23).  Blocks are numbered from
 *   zero.
 *
 * - We send back the data of the requested block.  The last block is
 *   likely to be partial; when the last block is requested we only
 *   send the part of the block that exists, it's not padded up to the
 *   block size.
 *
 * - When the other side sends "DONEDONE" instead of a block number,
 *   we hang up.
 */
int adb_sideload_host(const char* fn) {
    unsigned sz;
    size_t xfer = 0;
    int status;
    int last_percent = -1;
    int opt = SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE;

    printf("loading: '%s'", fn);
    fflush(stdout);
    uint8_t* data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(load_file(fn, &sz));
    if (data == 0) {
        printf("\n");
        fprintf(stderr, "* cannot read '%s' *\n", fn);
        return -1;
    }

    char buf[100];
    sprintf(buf, "sideload-host:%d:%d", sz, SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE);
    int fd = adb_connect(buf);
    if (fd < 0) {
        // Try falling back to the older sideload method.  Maybe this
        // is an older device that doesn't support sideload-host.
        printf("\n");
        status = adb_download_buffer("sideload", fn, data, sz, 1);
        goto done;
    }

    opt = adb_setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDBUF, (const void *) &opt, sizeof(opt));

    for (;;) {
        if (!ReadFdExactly(fd, buf, 8)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "* failed to read command: %s\n", adb_error());
            status = -1;
            goto done;
        }

        if (strncmp("DONEDONE", buf, 8) == 0) {
            status = 0;
            break;
        }

        buf[8] = '\0';
        int block = strtol(buf, NULL, 10);

        size_t offset = block * SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE;
        if (offset >= sz) {
            fprintf(stderr, "* attempt to read past end: %s\n", adb_error());
            status = -1;
            goto done;
        }
        uint8_t* start = data + offset;
        size_t offset_end = offset + SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE;
        size_t to_write = SIDELOAD_HOST_BLOCK_SIZE;
        if (offset_end > sz) {
            to_write = sz - offset;
        }

        if(!WriteFdExactly(fd, start, to_write)) {
            adb_status(fd);
            fprintf(stderr,"* failed to write data '%s' *\n", adb_error());
            status = -1;
            goto done;
        }
        xfer += to_write;

        // For normal OTA packages, we expect to transfer every byte
        // twice, plus a bit of overhead (one read during
        // verification, one read of each byte for installation, plus
        // extra access to things like the zip central directory).
        // This estimate of the completion becomes 100% when we've
        // transferred ~2.13 (=100/47) times the package size.
        int percent = (int)(xfer * 47LL / (sz ? sz : 1));
        if (percent != last_percent) {
            printf("\rserving: '%s'  (~%d%%)    ", fn, percent);
            fflush(stdout);
            last_percent = percent;
        }
    }

    printf("\rTotal xfer: %.2fx%*s\n", (double)xfer / (sz ? sz : 1), (int)strlen(fn)+10, "");

  done:
    if (fd >= 0) adb_close(fd);
    free(data);
    return status;
}

static void status_window(transport_type ttype, const char* serial)
{
    char command[4096];
    char *state = 0;
    char *laststate = 0;

        /* silence stderr */
#ifdef _WIN32
    /* XXX: TODO */
#else
    int  fd;
    fd = unix_open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY);
    dup2(fd, 2);
    adb_close(fd);
#endif

    format_host_command(command, sizeof command, "get-state", ttype, serial);

    for(;;) {
        adb_sleep_ms(250);

        if(state) {
            free(state);
            state = 0;
        }

        state = adb_query(command);

        if(state) {
            if(laststate && !strcmp(state,laststate)){
                continue;
            } else {
                if(laststate) free(laststate);
                laststate = strdup(state);
            }
        }

        printf("%c[2J%c[2H", 27, 27);
        printf("Android Debug Bridge\n");
        printf("State: %s\n", state ? state : "offline");
        fflush(stdout);
    }
}

static int should_escape(const char c)
{
    return (c == ' ' || c == '\'' || c == '"' || c == '\\' || c == '(' || c == ')');
}

/* Duplicate and escape given argument. */
static char *escape_arg(const char *s)
{
    const char *ts;
    size_t alloc_len;
    char *ret;
    char *dest;

    alloc_len = 0;
    for (ts = s; *ts != '\0'; ts++) {
        alloc_len++;
        if (should_escape(*ts)) {
            alloc_len++;
        }
    }

    if (alloc_len == 0) {
        // Preserve empty arguments
        ret = (char *) malloc(3);
        ret[0] = '\"';
        ret[1] = '\"';
        ret[2] = '\0';
        return ret;
    }

    ret = (char *) malloc(alloc_len + 1);
    dest = ret;

    for (ts = s; *ts != '\0'; ts++) {
        if (should_escape(*ts)) {
            *dest++ = '\\';
        }
        *dest++ = *ts;
    }
    *dest++ = '\0';

    return ret;
}

/**
 * Run ppp in "notty" mode against a resource listed as the first parameter
 * eg:
 *
 * ppp dev:/dev/omap_csmi_tty0 <ppp options>
 *
 */
int ppp(int argc, const char **argv)
{
#if defined(_WIN32)
    fprintf(stderr, "error: adb %s not implemented on Win32\n", argv[0]);
    return -1;
#else
    pid_t pid;
    int fd;

    if (argc < 2) {
        fprintf(stderr, "usage: adb %s <adb service name> [ppp opts]\n",
                argv[0]);

        return 1;
    }

    const char* adb_service_name = argv[1];
    fd = adb_connect(adb_service_name);

    if(fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr,"Error: Could not open adb service: %s. Error: %s\n",
                adb_service_name, adb_error());
        return 1;
    }

    pid = fork();

    if (pid < 0) {
        perror("from fork()");
        return 1;
    } else if (pid == 0) {
        int err;
        int i;
        const char **ppp_args;

        // copy args
        ppp_args = (const char **) alloca(sizeof(char *) * argc + 1);
        ppp_args[0] = "pppd";
        for (i = 2 ; i < argc ; i++) {
            //argv[2] and beyond become ppp_args[1] and beyond
            ppp_args[i - 1] = argv[i];
        }
        ppp_args[i-1] = NULL;

        // child side

        dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO);
        dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO);
        adb_close(STDERR_FILENO);
        adb_close(fd);

        err = execvp("pppd", (char * const *)ppp_args);

        if (err < 0) {
            perror("execing pppd");
        }
        exit(-1);
    } else {
        // parent side

        adb_close(fd);
        return 0;
    }
#endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */
}

static int send_shellcommand(transport_type transport, const char* serial,
                             char* buf)
{
    int fd, ret;

    for(;;) {
        fd = adb_connect(buf);
        if(fd >= 0)
            break;
        fprintf(stderr,"- waiting for device -\n");
        adb_sleep_ms(1000);
        do_cmd(transport, serial, "wait-for-device", 0);
    }

    read_and_dump(fd);
    ret = adb_close(fd);
    if (ret)
        perror("close");

    return ret;
}

static int logcat(transport_type transport, const char* serial, int argc,
                  const char** argv)
{
    char buf[4096];

    char *log_tags;
    char *quoted;

    log_tags = getenv("ANDROID_LOG_TAGS");
    quoted = escape_arg(log_tags == NULL ? "" : log_tags);
    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf),
            "shell:export ANDROID_LOG_TAGS=\"%s\"; exec logcat", quoted);
    free(quoted);

    if (!strcmp(argv[0], "longcat")) {
        strncat(buf, " -v long", sizeof(buf) - 1);
    }

    argc -= 1;
    argv += 1;
    while(argc-- > 0) {
        quoted = escape_arg(*argv++);
        strncat(buf, " ", sizeof(buf) - 1);
        strncat(buf, quoted, sizeof(buf) - 1);
        free(quoted);
    }

    send_shellcommand(transport, serial, buf);
    return 0;
}

static int mkdirs(const char *path)
{
    int ret;
    char *x = (char *)path + 1;

    for(;;) {
        x = adb_dirstart(x);
        if(x == 0) return 0;
        *x = 0;
        ret = adb_mkdir(path, 0775);
        *x = OS_PATH_SEPARATOR;
        if((ret < 0) && (errno != EEXIST)) {
            return ret;
        }
        x++;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int backup(int argc, const char** argv) {
    char buf[4096];
    char default_name[32];
    const char* filename = strcpy(default_name, "./backup.ab");
    int fd, outFd;
    int i, j;

    /* find, extract, and use any -f argument */
    for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
        if (!strcmp("-f", argv[i])) {
            if (i == argc-1) {
                fprintf(stderr, "adb: -f passed with no filename\n");
                return usage();
            }
            filename = argv[i+1];
            for (j = i+2; j <= argc; ) {
                argv[i++] = argv[j++];
            }
            argc -= 2;
            argv[argc] = NULL;
        }
    }

    /* bare "adb backup" or "adb backup -f filename" are not valid invocations */
    if (argc < 2) return usage();

    adb_unlink(filename);
    mkdirs(filename);
    outFd = adb_creat(filename, 0640);
    if (outFd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unable to open file %s\n", filename);
        return -1;
    }

    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "backup");
    for (argc--, argv++; argc; argc--, argv++) {
        strncat(buf, ":", sizeof(buf) - strlen(buf) - 1);
        strncat(buf, argv[0], sizeof(buf) - strlen(buf) - 1);
    }

    D("backup. filename=%s buf=%s\n", filename, buf);
    fd = adb_connect(buf);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unable to connect for backup\n");
        adb_close(outFd);
        return -1;
    }

    printf("Now unlock your device and confirm the backup operation.\n");
    copy_to_file(fd, outFd);

    adb_close(fd);
    adb_close(outFd);
    return 0;
}

static int restore(int argc, const char** argv) {
    const char* filename;
    int fd, tarFd;

    if (argc != 2) return usage();

    filename = argv[1];
    tarFd = adb_open(filename, O_RDONLY);
    if (tarFd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unable to open file %s\n", filename);
        return -1;
    }

    fd = adb_connect("restore:");
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: unable to connect for restore\n");
        adb_close(tarFd);
        return -1;
    }

    printf("Now unlock your device and confirm the restore operation.\n");
    copy_to_file(tarFd, fd);

    adb_close(fd);
    adb_close(tarFd);
    return 0;
}

#define SENTINEL_FILE "config" OS_PATH_SEPARATOR_STR "envsetup.make"
static int top_works(const char *top)
{
    if (top != NULL && adb_is_absolute_host_path(top)) {
        char path_buf[PATH_MAX];
        snprintf(path_buf, sizeof(path_buf),
                "%s" OS_PATH_SEPARATOR_STR SENTINEL_FILE, top);
        return access(path_buf, F_OK) == 0;
    }
    return 0;
}

static char *find_top_from(const char *indir, char path_buf[PATH_MAX])
{
    strcpy(path_buf, indir);
    while (1) {
        if (top_works(path_buf)) {
            return path_buf;
        }
        char *s = adb_dirstop(path_buf);
        if (s != NULL) {
            *s = '\0';
        } else {
            path_buf[0] = '\0';
            return NULL;
        }
    }
}

static char *find_top(char path_buf[PATH_MAX])
{
    char *top = getenv("ANDROID_BUILD_TOP");
    if (top != NULL && top[0] != '\0') {
        if (!top_works(top)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: bad ANDROID_BUILD_TOP value \"%s\"\n", top);
            return NULL;
        }
    } else {
        top = getenv("TOP");
        if (top != NULL && top[0] != '\0') {
            if (!top_works(top)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "adb: bad TOP value \"%s\"\n", top);
                return NULL;
            }
        } else {
            top = NULL;
        }
    }

    if (top != NULL) {
        /* The environment pointed to a top directory that works.
         */
        strcpy(path_buf, top);
        return path_buf;
    }

    /* The environment didn't help.  Walk up the tree from the CWD
     * to see if we can find the top.
     */
    char dir[PATH_MAX];
    top = find_top_from(getcwd(dir, sizeof(dir)), path_buf);
    if (top == NULL) {
        /* If the CWD isn't under a good-looking top, see if the
         * executable is.
         */
        get_my_path(dir, PATH_MAX);
        top = find_top_from(dir, path_buf);
    }
    return top;
}

/* <hint> may be:
 * - A simple product name
 *   e.g., "sooner"
TODO: debug?  sooner-debug, sooner:debug?
 * - A relative path from the CWD to the ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT dir
 *   e.g., "out/target/product/sooner"
 * - An absolute path to the PRODUCT_OUT dir
 *   e.g., "/src/device/out/target/product/sooner"
 *
 * Given <hint>, try to construct an absolute path to the
 * ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT dir.
 */
static const char *find_product_out_path(const char *hint)
{
    static char path_buf[PATH_MAX];

    if (hint == NULL || hint[0] == '\0') {
        return NULL;
    }

    /* If it's already absolute, don't bother doing any work.
     */
    if (adb_is_absolute_host_path(hint)) {
        strcpy(path_buf, hint);
        return path_buf;
    }

    /* If there are any slashes in it, assume it's a relative path;
     * make it absolute.
     */
    if (adb_dirstart(hint) != NULL) {
        if (getcwd(path_buf, sizeof(path_buf)) == NULL) {
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: Couldn't get CWD: %s\n", strerror(errno));
            return NULL;
        }
        if (strlen(path_buf) + 1 + strlen(hint) >= sizeof(path_buf)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "adb: Couldn't assemble path\n");
            return NULL;
        }
        strcat(path_buf, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR_STR);
        strcat(path_buf, hint);
        return path_buf;
    }

    /* It's a string without any slashes.  Try to do something with it.
     *
     * Try to find the root of the build tree, and build a PRODUCT_OUT
     * path from there.
     */
    char top_buf[PATH_MAX];
    const char *top = find_top(top_buf);
    if (top == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: Couldn't find top of build tree\n");
        return NULL;
    }
//TODO: if we have a way to indicate debug, look in out/debug/target/...
    snprintf(path_buf, sizeof(path_buf),
            "%s" OS_PATH_SEPARATOR_STR
            "out" OS_PATH_SEPARATOR_STR
            "target" OS_PATH_SEPARATOR_STR
            "product" OS_PATH_SEPARATOR_STR
            "%s", top_buf, hint);
    if (access(path_buf, F_OK) < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "adb: Couldn't find a product dir "
                "based on \"-p %s\"; \"%s\" doesn't exist\n", hint, path_buf);
        return NULL;
    }
    return path_buf;
}

static void parse_push_pull_args(const char **arg, int narg, char const **path1,
                                 char const **path2, int *show_progress,
                                 int *copy_attrs) {
    *show_progress = 0;
    *copy_attrs = 0;

    while (narg > 0) {
        if (!strcmp(*arg, "-p")) {
            *show_progress = 1;
        } else if (!strcmp(*arg, "-a")) {
            *copy_attrs = 1;
        } else {
            break;
        }
        ++arg;
        --narg;
    }

    if (narg > 0) {
        *path1 = *arg;
        ++arg;
        --narg;
    }

    if (narg > 0) {
        *path2 = *arg;
    }
}

int adb_commandline(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    char buf[4096];
    int no_daemon = 0;
    int is_daemon = 0;
    int is_server = 0;
    int persist = 0;
    int r;
    transport_type ttype = kTransportAny;
    const char* serial = NULL;
    const char* server_port_str = NULL;

        /* If defined, this should be an absolute path to
         * the directory containing all of the various system images
         * for a particular product.  If not defined, and the adb
         * command requires this information, then the user must
         * specify the path using "-p".
         */
    gProductOutPath = getenv("ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT");
    if (gProductOutPath == NULL || gProductOutPath[0] == '\0') {
        gProductOutPath = NULL;
    }
    // TODO: also try TARGET_PRODUCT/TARGET_DEVICE as a hint

    serial = getenv("ANDROID_SERIAL");

    /* Validate and assign the server port */
    server_port_str = getenv("ANDROID_ADB_SERVER_PORT");
    int server_port = DEFAULT_ADB_PORT;
    if (server_port_str && strlen(server_port_str) > 0) {
        server_port = (int) strtol(server_port_str, NULL, 0);
        if (server_port <= 0 || server_port > 65535) {
            fprintf(stderr,
                    "adb: Env var ANDROID_ADB_SERVER_PORT must be a positive number less than 65535. Got \"%s\"\n",
                    server_port_str);
            return usage();
        }
    }

    /* modifiers and flags */
    while (argc > 0) {
        if (!strcmp(argv[0],"server")) {
            is_server = 1;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"nodaemon")) {
            no_daemon = 1;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "fork-server")) {
            /* this is a special flag used only when the ADB client launches the ADB Server */
            is_daemon = 1;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"persist")) {
            persist = 1;
        } else if (!strncmp(argv[0], "-p", 2)) {
            const char *product = NULL;
            if (argv[0][2] == '\0') {
                if (argc < 2) return usage();
                product = argv[1];
                argc--;
                argv++;
            } else {
                product = argv[0] + 2;
            }
            gProductOutPath = find_product_out_path(product);
            if (gProductOutPath == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "adb: could not resolve \"-p %s\"\n",
                        product);
                return usage();
            }
        } else if (argv[0][0]=='-' && argv[0][1]=='s') {
            if (isdigit(argv[0][2])) {
                serial = argv[0] + 2;
            } else {
                if (argc < 2 || argv[0][2] != '\0') return usage();
                serial = argv[1];
                argc--;
                argv++;
            }
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"-d")) {
            ttype = kTransportUsb;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"-e")) {
            ttype = kTransportLocal;
        } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"-a")) {
            gListenAll = 1;
        } else if (!strncmp(argv[0], "-H", 2)) {
            const char *hostname = NULL;
            if (argv[0][2] == '\0') {
                if (argc < 2) return usage();
                hostname = argv[1];
                argc--;
                argv++;
            } else {
                hostname = argv[0] + 2;
            }
            adb_set_tcp_name(hostname);

        } else if (!strncmp(argv[0], "-P", 2)) {
            if (argv[0][2] == '\0') {
                if (argc < 2) return usage();
                server_port_str = argv[1];
                argc--;
                argv++;
            } else {
                server_port_str = argv[0] + 2;
            }
            if (strlen(server_port_str) > 0) {
                server_port = (int) strtol(server_port_str, NULL, 0);
                if (server_port <= 0 || server_port > 65535) {
                    fprintf(stderr,
                            "adb: port number must be a positive number less than 65536. Got \"%s\"\n",
                            server_port_str);
                    return usage();
                }
            } else {
                fprintf(stderr,
                "adb: port number must be a positive number less than 65536. Got empty string.\n");
                return usage();
            }
        } else {
                /* out of recognized modifiers and flags */
            break;
        }
        argc--;
        argv++;
    }

    adb_set_transport(ttype, serial);
    adb_set_tcp_specifics(server_port);

    if (is_server) {
        if (no_daemon || is_daemon) {
            r = adb_main(is_daemon, server_port);
        } else {
            r = launch_server(server_port);
        }
        if (r) {
            fprintf(stderr,"* could not start server *\n");
        }
        return r;
    }

    if (argc == 0) {
        return usage();
    }

    /* handle wait-for-* prefix */
    if (!strncmp(argv[0], "wait-for-", strlen("wait-for-"))) {
        const char* service = argv[0];
        if (!strncmp(service, "wait-for-device", strlen("wait-for-device"))) {
            if (ttype == kTransportUsb) {
                service = "wait-for-usb";
            } else if (ttype == kTransportLocal) {
                service = "wait-for-local";
            } else {
                service = "wait-for-any";
            }
        }

        format_host_command(buf, sizeof buf, service, ttype, serial);

        if (adb_command(buf)) {
            D("failure: %s *\n",adb_error());
            fprintf(stderr,"error: %s\n", adb_error());
            return 1;
        }

        /* Allow a command to be run after wait-for-device,
            * e.g. 'adb wait-for-device shell'.
            */
        if (argc == 1) {
            return 0;
        }

        /* Fall through */
        argc--;
        argv++;
    }

    /* adb_connect() commands */
    if (!strcmp(argv[0], "devices")) {
        char *tmp;
        const char *listopt;
        if (argc < 2)
            listopt = "";
        else if (argc == 2 && !strcmp(argv[1], "-l"))
            listopt = argv[1];
        else {
            fprintf(stderr, "Usage: adb devices [-l]\n");
            return 1;
        }
        snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "host:%s%s", argv[0], listopt);
        tmp = adb_query(buf);
        if (tmp) {
            printf("List of devices attached \n");
            printf("%s\n", tmp);
            return 0;
        } else {
            return 1;
        }
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "connect")) {
        char *tmp;
        if (argc != 2) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Usage: adb connect <host>[:<port>]\n");
            return 1;
        }
        snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "host:connect:%s", argv[1]);
        tmp = adb_query(buf);
        if (tmp) {
            printf("%s\n", tmp);
            return 0;
        } else {
            return 1;
        }
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "disconnect")) {
        char *tmp;
        if (argc > 2) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Usage: adb disconnect [<host>[:<port>]]\n");
            return 1;
        }
        if (argc == 2) {
            snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "host:disconnect:%s", argv[1]);
        } else {
            snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "host:disconnect:");
        }
        tmp = adb_query(buf);
        if (tmp) {
            printf("%s\n", tmp);
            return 0;
        } else {
            return 1;
        }
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "emu")) {
        return adb_send_emulator_command(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "shell") || !strcmp(argv[0], "hell")) {
        int r;
        int fd;

        char h = (argv[0][0] == 'h');

        if (h) {
            printf("\x1b[41;33m");
            fflush(stdout);
        }

        if (argc < 2) {
            D("starting interactive shell\n");
            r = interactive_shell();
            if (h) {
                printf("\x1b[0m");
                fflush(stdout);
            }
            return r;
        }

        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "shell:%s", argv[1]);
        argc -= 2;
        argv += 2;
        while (argc-- > 0) {
            char *quoted = escape_arg(*argv++);
            strncat(buf, " ", sizeof(buf) - 1);
            strncat(buf, quoted, sizeof(buf) - 1);
            free(quoted);
        }

        for(;;) {
            D("interactive shell loop. buff=%s\n", buf);
            fd = adb_connect(buf);
            if (fd >= 0) {
                D("about to read_and_dump(fd=%d)\n", fd);
                read_and_dump(fd);
                D("read_and_dump() done.\n");
                adb_close(fd);
                r = 0;
            } else {
                fprintf(stderr,"error: %s\n", adb_error());
                r = -1;
            }

            if (persist) {
                fprintf(stderr,"\n- waiting for device -\n");
                adb_sleep_ms(1000);
                do_cmd(ttype, serial, "wait-for-device", 0);
            } else {
                if (h) {
                    printf("\x1b[0m");
                    fflush(stdout);
                }
                D("interactive shell loop. return r=%d\n", r);
                return r;
            }
        }
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "exec-in") || !strcmp(argv[0], "exec-out")) {
        int exec_in = !strcmp(argv[0], "exec-in");
        int fd;

        snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "exec:%s", argv[1]);
        argc -= 2;
        argv += 2;
        while (argc-- > 0) {
            char *quoted = escape_arg(*argv++);
            strncat(buf, " ", sizeof(buf) - 1);
            strncat(buf, quoted, sizeof(buf) - 1);
            free(quoted);
        }

        fd = adb_connect(buf);
        if (fd < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", adb_error());
            return -1;
        }

        if (exec_in) {
            copy_to_file(STDIN_FILENO, fd);
        } else {
            copy_to_file(fd, STDOUT_FILENO);
        }

        adb_close(fd);
        return 0;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "kill-server")) {
        int fd;
        fd = _adb_connect("host:kill");
        if (fd == -1) {
            fprintf(stderr,"* server not running *\n");
            return 1;
        }
        return 0;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "sideload")) {
        if (argc != 2) return usage();
        if (adb_sideload_host(argv[1])) {
            return 1;
        } else {
            return 0;
        }
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "remount") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "reboot") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "reboot-bootloader") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "tcpip") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "usb") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "root") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "unroot") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "disable-verity") ||
             !strcmp(argv[0], "enable-verity")) {
        char command[100];
        if (!strcmp(argv[0], "reboot-bootloader"))
            snprintf(command, sizeof(command), "reboot:bootloader");
        else if (argc > 1)
            snprintf(command, sizeof(command), "%s:%s", argv[0], argv[1]);
        else
            snprintf(command, sizeof(command), "%s:", argv[0]);
        int fd = adb_connect(command);
        if (fd >= 0) {
            read_and_dump(fd);
            adb_close(fd);
            return 0;
        }
        fprintf(stderr,"error: %s\n", adb_error());
        return 1;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "bugreport")) {
        if (argc != 1) return usage();
        do_cmd(ttype, serial, "shell", "bugreport", 0);
        return 0;
    }
    /* adb_command() wrapper commands */
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "forward") || !strcmp(argv[0], "reverse")) {
        char host_prefix[64];
        char reverse = (char) !strcmp(argv[0], "reverse");
        char remove = 0;
        char remove_all = 0;
        char list = 0;
        char no_rebind = 0;

        // Parse options here.
        while (argc > 1 && argv[1][0] == '-') {
            if (!strcmp(argv[1], "--list"))
                list = 1;
            else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "--remove"))
                remove = 1;
            else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "--remove-all"))
                remove_all = 1;
            else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "--no-rebind"))
                no_rebind = 1;
            else {
                return usage();
            }
            argc--;
            argv++;
        }

        // Ensure we can only use one option at a time.
        if (list + remove + remove_all + no_rebind > 1) {
            return usage();
        }

        // Determine the <host-prefix> for this command.
        if (reverse) {
            snprintf(host_prefix, sizeof host_prefix, "reverse");
        } else {
            if (serial) {
                snprintf(host_prefix, sizeof host_prefix, "host-serial:%s",
                        serial);
            } else if (ttype == kTransportUsb) {
                snprintf(host_prefix, sizeof host_prefix, "host-usb");
            } else if (ttype == kTransportLocal) {
                snprintf(host_prefix, sizeof host_prefix, "host-local");
            } else {
                snprintf(host_prefix, sizeof host_prefix, "host");
            }
        }

        // Implement forward --list
        if (list) {
            if (argc != 1)
                return usage();
            snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%s:list-forward", host_prefix);
            char* forwards = adb_query(buf);
            if (forwards == NULL) {
                fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", adb_error());
                return 1;
            }
            printf("%s", forwards);
            free(forwards);
            return 0;
        }

        // Implement forward --remove-all
        else if (remove_all) {
            if (argc != 1)
                return usage();
            snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%s:killforward-all", host_prefix);
        }

        // Implement forward --remove <local>
        else if (remove) {
            if (argc != 2)
                return usage();
            snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%s:killforward:%s", host_prefix, argv[1]);
        }
        // Or implement one of:
        //    forward <local> <remote>
        //    forward --no-rebind <local> <remote>
        else
        {
          if (argc != 3)
            return usage();
          const char* command = no_rebind ? "forward:norebind" : "forward";
          snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%s:%s:%s;%s", host_prefix, command, argv[1], argv[2]);
        }

        if (adb_command(buf)) {
            fprintf(stderr,"error: %s\n", adb_error());
            return 1;
        }
        return 0;
    }
    /* do_sync_*() commands */
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "ls")) {
        if (argc != 2) return usage();
        return do_sync_ls(argv[1]);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "push")) {
        int show_progress = 0;
        int copy_attrs = 0; // unused
        const char* lpath = NULL, *rpath = NULL;

        parse_push_pull_args(&argv[1], argc - 1, &lpath, &rpath, &show_progress, &copy_attrs);

        if ((lpath != NULL) && (rpath != NULL)) {
            return do_sync_push(lpath, rpath, show_progress);
        }

        return usage();
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "pull")) {
        int show_progress = 0;
        int copy_attrs = 0;
        const char* rpath = NULL, *lpath = ".";

        parse_push_pull_args(&argv[1], argc - 1, &rpath, &lpath, &show_progress, &copy_attrs);

        if (rpath != NULL) {
            return do_sync_pull(rpath, lpath, show_progress, copy_attrs);
        }

        return usage();
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "install")) {
        if (argc < 2) return usage();
        return install_app(ttype, serial, argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "install-multiple")) {
        if (argc < 2) return usage();
        return install_multiple_app(ttype, serial, argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "uninstall")) {
        if (argc < 2) return usage();
        return uninstall_app(ttype, serial, argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "sync")) {
        const char* srcarg;
        char *android_srcpath, *data_srcpath, *vendor_srcpath;
        int listonly = 0;

        int ret;
        if (argc < 2) {
            /* No local path was specified. */
            srcarg = NULL;
        } else if (argc >= 2 && strcmp(argv[1], "-l") == 0) {
            listonly = 1;
            if (argc == 3) {
                srcarg = argv[2];
            } else {
                srcarg = NULL;
            }
        } else if (argc == 2) {
            /* A local path or "android"/"data" arg was specified. */
            srcarg = argv[1];
        } else {
            return usage();
        }
        ret = find_sync_dirs(srcarg, &android_srcpath, &data_srcpath, &vendor_srcpath);
        if (ret != 0) return usage();

        if (android_srcpath != NULL)
            ret = do_sync_sync(android_srcpath, "/system", listonly);
        if (ret == 0 && vendor_srcpath != NULL)
            ret = do_sync_sync(vendor_srcpath, "/vendor", listonly);
        if (ret == 0 && data_srcpath != NULL)
            ret = do_sync_sync(data_srcpath, "/data", listonly);

        free(android_srcpath);
        free(vendor_srcpath);
        free(data_srcpath);
        return ret;
    }
    /* passthrough commands */
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"get-state") ||
        !strcmp(argv[0],"get-serialno") ||
        !strcmp(argv[0],"get-devpath"))
    {
        char *tmp;

        format_host_command(buf, sizeof buf, argv[0], ttype, serial);
        tmp = adb_query(buf);
        if (tmp) {
            printf("%s\n", tmp);
            return 0;
        } else {
            return 1;
        }
    }
    /* other commands */
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"status-window")) {
        status_window(ttype, serial);
        return 0;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"logcat") || !strcmp(argv[0],"lolcat") || !strcmp(argv[0],"longcat")) {
        return logcat(ttype, serial, argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"ppp")) {
        return ppp(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "start-server")) {
        return adb_connect("host:start-server");
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "backup")) {
        return backup(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "restore")) {
        return restore(argc, argv);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "keygen")) {
        if (argc < 2) return usage();
        return adb_auth_keygen(argv[1]);
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "jdwp")) {
        int  fd = adb_connect("jdwp");
        if (fd >= 0) {
            read_and_dump(fd);
            adb_close(fd);
            return 0;
        } else {
            fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", adb_error());
            return -1;
        }
    }
    /* "adb /?" is a common idiom under Windows */
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "help") || !strcmp(argv[0], "/?")) {
        help();
        return 0;
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "version")) {
        version(stdout);
        return 0;
    }

    usage();
    return 1;
}

#define MAX_ARGV_LENGTH 16
static int do_cmd(transport_type ttype, const char* serial, const char *cmd, ...)
{
    const char *argv[MAX_ARGV_LENGTH];
    int argc;
    va_list ap;

    va_start(ap, cmd);
    argc = 0;

    if (serial) {
        argv[argc++] = "-s";
        argv[argc++] = serial;
    } else if (ttype == kTransportUsb) {
        argv[argc++] = "-d";
    } else if (ttype == kTransportLocal) {
        argv[argc++] = "-e";
    }

    argv[argc++] = cmd;
    while(argc < MAX_ARGV_LENGTH &&
        (argv[argc] = va_arg(ap, char*)) != 0) argc++;
    assert(argc < MAX_ARGV_LENGTH);
    va_end(ap);

#if 0
    int n;
    fprintf(stderr,"argc = %d\n",argc);
    for(n = 0; n < argc; n++) {
        fprintf(stderr,"argv[%d] = \"%s\"\n", n, argv[n]);
    }
#endif

    return adb_commandline(argc, argv);
}

int find_sync_dirs(const char *srcarg,
        char **android_srcdir_out, char **data_srcdir_out, char **vendor_srcdir_out)
{
    char *android_srcdir = NULL, *data_srcdir = NULL, *vendor_srcdir = NULL;
    struct stat st;

    if(srcarg == NULL) {
        android_srcdir = product_file("system");
        data_srcdir = product_file("data");
        vendor_srcdir = product_file("vendor");
        /* Check if vendor partition exists */
        if (lstat(vendor_srcdir, &st) || !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
            vendor_srcdir = NULL;
    } else {
        /* srcarg may be "data", "system" or NULL.
         * if srcarg is NULL, then both data and system are synced
         */
        if(strcmp(srcarg, "system") == 0) {
            android_srcdir = product_file("system");
        } else if(strcmp(srcarg, "data") == 0) {
            data_srcdir = product_file("data");
        } else if(strcmp(srcarg, "vendor") == 0) {
            vendor_srcdir = product_file("vendor");
        } else {
            /* It's not "system", "vendor", or "data".
             */
            return 1;
        }
    }

    if(android_srcdir_out != NULL)
        *android_srcdir_out = android_srcdir;
    else
        free(android_srcdir);

    if(vendor_srcdir_out != NULL)
        *vendor_srcdir_out = vendor_srcdir;
    else
        free(vendor_srcdir);

    if(data_srcdir_out != NULL)
            *data_srcdir_out = data_srcdir;
        else
            free(data_srcdir);
    return 0;
}

static int pm_command(transport_type transport, const char* serial,
                      int argc, const char** argv)
{
    char buf[4096];

    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "shell:pm");

    while(argc-- > 0) {
        char *quoted = escape_arg(*argv++);
        strncat(buf, " ", sizeof(buf) - 1);
        strncat(buf, quoted, sizeof(buf) - 1);
        free(quoted);
    }

    send_shellcommand(transport, serial, buf);
    return 0;
}

int uninstall_app(transport_type transport, const char* serial, int argc,
                  const char** argv)
{
    /* if the user choose the -k option, we refuse to do it until devices are
       out with the option to uninstall the remaining data somehow (adb/ui) */
    if (argc == 3 && strcmp(argv[1], "-k") == 0)
    {
        printf(
            "The -k option uninstalls the application while retaining the data/cache.\n"
            "At the moment, there is no way to remove the remaining data.\n"
            "You will have to reinstall the application with the same signature, and fully uninstall it.\n"
            "If you truly wish to continue, execute 'adb shell pm uninstall -k %s'\n", argv[2]);
        return -1;
    }

    /* 'adb uninstall' takes the same arguments as 'pm uninstall' on device */
    return pm_command(transport, serial, argc, argv);
}

static int delete_file(transport_type transport, const char* serial, char* filename)
{
    char buf[4096];
    char* quoted;

    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "shell:rm -f ");
    quoted = escape_arg(filename);
    strncat(buf, quoted, sizeof(buf)-1);
    free(quoted);

    send_shellcommand(transport, serial, buf);
    return 0;
}

static const char* get_basename(const char* filename)
{
    const char* basename = adb_dirstop(filename);
    if (basename) {
        basename++;
        return basename;
    } else {
        return filename;
    }
}

int install_app(transport_type transport, const char* serial, int argc,
                const char** argv)
{
    static const char *const DATA_DEST = "/data/local/tmp/%s";
    static const char *const SD_DEST = "/sdcard/tmp/%s";
    const char* where = DATA_DEST;
    int i;
    struct stat sb;

    for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
        if (!strcmp(argv[i], "-s")) {
            where = SD_DEST;
        }
    }

    // Find last APK argument.
    // All other arguments passed through verbatim.
    int last_apk = -1;
    for (i = argc - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        const char* file = argv[i];
        char* dot = strrchr(file, '.');
        if (dot && !strcasecmp(dot, ".apk")) {
            if (stat(file, &sb) == -1 || !S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Invalid APK file: %s\n", file);
                return -1;
            }

            last_apk = i;
            break;
        }
    }

    if (last_apk == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Missing APK file\n");
        return -1;
    }

    const char* apk_file = argv[last_apk];
    char apk_dest[PATH_MAX];
    snprintf(apk_dest, sizeof apk_dest, where, get_basename(apk_file));
    int err = do_sync_push(apk_file, apk_dest, 0 /* no show progress */);
    if (err) {
        goto cleanup_apk;
    } else {
        argv[last_apk] = apk_dest; /* destination name, not source location */
    }

    pm_command(transport, serial, argc, argv);

cleanup_apk:
    delete_file(transport, serial, apk_dest);
    return err;
}

int install_multiple_app(transport_type transport, const char* serial, int argc,
                         const char** argv)
{
    char buf[1024];
    int i;
    struct stat sb;
    unsigned long long total_size = 0;

    // Find all APK arguments starting at end.
    // All other arguments passed through verbatim.
    int first_apk = -1;
    for (i = argc - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        const char* file = argv[i];
        char* dot = strrchr(file, '.');
        if (dot && !strcasecmp(dot, ".apk")) {
            if (stat(file, &sb) == -1 || !S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Invalid APK file: %s\n", file);
                return -1;
            }

            total_size += sb.st_size;
            first_apk = i;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }

    if (first_apk == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Missing APK file\n");
        return 1;
    }

    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "exec:pm install-create -S %lld", total_size);
    for (i = 1; i < first_apk; i++) {
        char *quoted = escape_arg(argv[i]);
        strncat(buf, " ", sizeof(buf) - 1);
        strncat(buf, quoted, sizeof(buf) - 1);
        free(quoted);
    }

    // Create install session
    int fd = adb_connect(buf);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Connect error for create: %s\n", adb_error());
        return -1;
    }
    read_status_line(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
    adb_close(fd);

    int session_id = -1;
    if (!strncmp("Success", buf, 7)) {
        char* start = strrchr(buf, '[');
        char* end = strrchr(buf, ']');
        if (start && end) {
            *end = '\0';
            session_id = strtol(start + 1, NULL, 10);
        }
    }
    if (session_id < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create session\n");
        fputs(buf, stderr);
        return -1;
    }

    // Valid session, now stream the APKs
    int success = 1;
    for (i = first_apk; i < argc; i++) {
        const char* file = argv[i];
        if (stat(file, &sb) == -1) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to stat %s\n", file);
            success = 0;
            goto finalize_session;
        }

        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "exec:pm install-write -S %lld %d %d_%s -",
                (long long int) sb.st_size, session_id, i, get_basename(file));

        int localFd = adb_open(file, O_RDONLY);
        if (localFd < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open %s: %s\n", file, adb_error());
            success = 0;
            goto finalize_session;
        }

        int remoteFd = adb_connect(buf);
        if (remoteFd < 0) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Connect error for write: %s\n", adb_error());
            adb_close(localFd);
            success = 0;
            goto finalize_session;
        }

        copy_to_file(localFd, remoteFd);
        read_status_line(remoteFd, buf, sizeof(buf));

        adb_close(localFd);
        adb_close(remoteFd);

        if (strncmp("Success", buf, 7)) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to write %s\n", file);
            fputs(buf, stderr);
            success = 0;
            goto finalize_session;
        }
    }

finalize_session:
    // Commit session if we streamed everything okay; otherwise abandon
    if (success) {
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "exec:pm install-commit %d", session_id);
    } else {
        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "exec:pm install-abandon %d", session_id);
    }

    fd = adb_connect(buf);
    if (fd < 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Connect error for finalize: %s\n", adb_error());
        return -1;
    }
    read_status_line(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
    adb_close(fd);

    if (!strncmp("Success", buf, 7)) {
        fputs(buf, stderr);
        return 0;
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to finalize session\n");
        fputs(buf, stderr);
        return -1;
    }
}