Merge "Fix VM-less builds."
diff --git a/build/Android.common_build.mk b/build/Android.common_build.mk
index 9275c97..6346970 100644
--- a/build/Android.common_build.mk
+++ b/build/Android.common_build.mk
@@ -144,11 +144,8 @@
 ART_TARGET_CLANG_CFLAGS_arm64 += \
   -fno-vectorize
 
-# Colorize clang compiler warnings.
-art_clang_cflags := -fcolor-diagnostics
-
 # Warn about thread safety violations with clang.
-art_clang_cflags += -Wthread-safety
+art_clang_cflags := -Wthread-safety
 
 # Warn if switch fallthroughs aren't annotated.
 art_clang_cflags += -Wimplicit-fallthrough
diff --git a/build/Android.oat.mk b/build/Android.oat.mk
index e8b363b..523d143 100644
--- a/build/Android.oat.mk
+++ b/build/Android.oat.mk
@@ -44,6 +44,9 @@
   core_pic_infix :=
   core_dex2oat_dependency := $(DEX2OAT_DEPENDENCY)
 
+  ifeq ($(1),default)
+    core_compile_options += --compiler-backend=Quick
+  endif
   ifeq ($(1),optimizing)
     core_compile_options += --compiler-backend=Optimizing
     # With the optimizing compiler, we want to rerun dex2oat whenever there is
@@ -137,6 +140,9 @@
   core_pic_infix :=
   core_dex2oat_dependency := $(DEX2OAT_DEPENDENCY)
 
+  ifeq ($(1),default)
+    core_compile_options += --compiler-backend=Quick
+  endif
   ifeq ($(1),optimizing)
     ifeq ($($(3)TARGET_ARCH),arm64)
       # TODO: Enable image generation on arm64 once the backend
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/arm_lir.h b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/arm_lir.h
index 4c7f874..b9d9a11 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/arm_lir.h
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/arm_lir.h
@@ -488,6 +488,7 @@
   kThumb2BicRRI8M,   // bic rd, rn, #<const> [11110] i [000010] rn[19..16] [0] imm3[14..12] rd[11..8] imm8[7..0].
   kThumb2AndRRI8M,   // and rd, rn, #<const> [11110] i [000000] rn[19..16] [0] imm3[14..12] rd[11..8] imm8[7..0].
   kThumb2OrrRRI8M,   // orr rd, rn, #<const> [11110] i [000100] rn[19..16] [0] imm3[14..12] rd[11..8] imm8[7..0].
+  kThumb2OrnRRI8M,   // orn rd, rn, #<const> [11110] i [000110] rn[19..16] [0] imm3[14..12] rd[11..8] imm8[7..0].
   kThumb2EorRRI8M,   // eor rd, rn, #<const> [11110] i [001000] rn[19..16] [0] imm3[14..12] rd[11..8] imm8[7..0].
   kThumb2AddRRI8M,   // add rd, rn, #<const> [11110] i [010001] rn[19..16] [0] imm3[14..12] rd[11..8] imm8[7..0].
   kThumb2AdcRRI8M,   // adc rd, rn, #<const> [11110] i [010101] rn[19..16] [0] imm3[14..12] rd[11..8] imm8[7..0].
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/assemble_arm.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/assemble_arm.cc
index 76ec9df..de93e26 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/assemble_arm.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/assemble_arm.cc
@@ -788,6 +788,10 @@
                  kFmtBitBlt, 11, 8, kFmtBitBlt, 19, 16, kFmtModImm, -1, -1,
                  kFmtUnused, -1, -1, IS_TERTIARY_OP | REG_DEF0_USE1,
                  "orr", "!0C, !1C, #!2m", 4, kFixupNone),
+    ENCODING_MAP(kThumb2OrnRRI8M,  0xf0600000,
+                 kFmtBitBlt, 11, 8, kFmtBitBlt, 19, 16, kFmtModImm, -1, -1,
+                 kFmtUnused, -1, -1, IS_TERTIARY_OP | REG_DEF0_USE1,
+                 "orn", "!0C, !1C, #!2m", 4, kFixupNone),
     ENCODING_MAP(kThumb2EorRRI8M,  0xf0800000,
                  kFmtBitBlt, 11, 8, kFmtBitBlt, 19, 16, kFmtModImm, -1, -1,
                  kFmtUnused, -1, -1, IS_TERTIARY_OP | REG_DEF0_USE1,
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/codegen_arm.h b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/codegen_arm.h
index e8d0c32..0bc4c3b 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/codegen_arm.h
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/codegen_arm.h
@@ -250,10 +250,11 @@
     int EncodeShift(int code, int amount);
     int ModifiedImmediate(uint32_t value);
     ArmConditionCode ArmConditionEncoding(ConditionCode code);
-    bool InexpensiveConstantInt(int32_t value);
-    bool InexpensiveConstantFloat(int32_t value);
-    bool InexpensiveConstantLong(int64_t value);
-    bool InexpensiveConstantDouble(int64_t value);
+    bool InexpensiveConstantInt(int32_t value) OVERRIDE;
+    bool InexpensiveConstantInt(int32_t value, Instruction::Code opcode) OVERRIDE;
+    bool InexpensiveConstantFloat(int32_t value) OVERRIDE;
+    bool InexpensiveConstantLong(int64_t value) OVERRIDE;
+    bool InexpensiveConstantDouble(int64_t value) OVERRIDE;
     RegStorage AllocPreservedDouble(int s_reg);
     RegStorage AllocPreservedSingle(int s_reg);
 
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/int_arm.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/int_arm.cc
index 4aedbaf..1a7b439 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/int_arm.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/int_arm.cc
@@ -592,7 +592,6 @@
 
 // Try to convert *lit to 1~2 RegRegRegShift/RegRegShift forms.
 bool ArmMir2Lir::GetEasyMultiplyTwoOps(int lit, EasyMultiplyOp* ops) {
-  GetEasyMultiplyOp(lit, &ops[0]);
   if (GetEasyMultiplyOp(lit, &ops[0])) {
     ops[1].op = kOpInvalid;
     ops[1].shift = 0;
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/utility_arm.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/utility_arm.cc
index 7168b9f..117d8f0 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/arm/utility_arm.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/arm/utility_arm.cc
@@ -97,31 +97,11 @@
   return load_pc_rel;
 }
 
-static int LeadingZeros(uint32_t val) {
-  uint32_t alt;
-  int32_t n;
-  int32_t count;
-
-  count = 16;
-  n = 32;
-  do {
-    alt = val >> count;
-    if (alt != 0) {
-      n = n - count;
-      val = alt;
-    }
-    count >>= 1;
-  } while (count);
-  return n - val;
-}
-
 /*
  * Determine whether value can be encoded as a Thumb2 modified
  * immediate.  If not, return -1.  If so, return i:imm3:a:bcdefgh form.
  */
 int ArmMir2Lir::ModifiedImmediate(uint32_t value) {
-  int32_t z_leading;
-  int32_t z_trailing;
   uint32_t b0 = value & 0xff;
 
   /* Note: case of value==0 must use 0:000:0:0000000 encoding */
@@ -135,8 +115,8 @@
   if (value == ((b0 << 24) | (b0 << 8)))
     return (0x2 << 8) | b0; /* 0:010:a:bcdefgh */
   /* Can we do it with rotation? */
-  z_leading = LeadingZeros(value);
-  z_trailing = 32 - LeadingZeros(~value & (value - 1));
+  int z_leading = CLZ(value);
+  int z_trailing = CTZ(value);
   /* A run of eight or fewer active bits? */
   if ((z_leading + z_trailing) < 24)
     return -1;  /* No - bail */
@@ -152,6 +132,64 @@
   return (ModifiedImmediate(value) >= 0) || (ModifiedImmediate(~value) >= 0);
 }
 
+bool ArmMir2Lir::InexpensiveConstantInt(int32_t value, Instruction::Code opcode) {
+  switch (opcode) {
+    case Instruction::ADD_INT:
+    case Instruction::ADD_INT_2ADDR:
+    case Instruction::SUB_INT:
+    case Instruction::SUB_INT_2ADDR:
+      if ((value >> 12) == (value >> 31)) {  // Signed 12-bit, RRI12 versions of ADD/SUB.
+        return true;
+      }
+      FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
+    case Instruction::IF_EQ:
+    case Instruction::IF_NE:
+    case Instruction::IF_LT:
+    case Instruction::IF_GE:
+    case Instruction::IF_GT:
+    case Instruction::IF_LE:
+      return (ModifiedImmediate(value) >= 0) || (ModifiedImmediate(-value) >= 0);
+    case Instruction::SHL_INT:
+    case Instruction::SHL_INT_2ADDR:
+    case Instruction::SHR_INT:
+    case Instruction::SHR_INT_2ADDR:
+    case Instruction::USHR_INT:
+    case Instruction::USHR_INT_2ADDR:
+      return true;
+    case Instruction::AND_INT:
+    case Instruction::AND_INT_2ADDR:
+    case Instruction::AND_INT_LIT16:
+    case Instruction::AND_INT_LIT8:
+    case Instruction::OR_INT:
+    case Instruction::OR_INT_2ADDR:
+    case Instruction::OR_INT_LIT16:
+    case Instruction::OR_INT_LIT8:
+      return (ModifiedImmediate(value) >= 0) || (ModifiedImmediate(~value) >= 0);
+    case Instruction::XOR_INT:
+    case Instruction::XOR_INT_2ADDR:
+    case Instruction::XOR_INT_LIT16:
+    case Instruction::XOR_INT_LIT8:
+      return (ModifiedImmediate(value) >= 0);
+    case Instruction::MUL_INT:
+    case Instruction::MUL_INT_2ADDR:
+    case Instruction::MUL_INT_LIT8:
+    case Instruction::MUL_INT_LIT16:
+    case Instruction::DIV_INT:
+    case Instruction::DIV_INT_2ADDR:
+    case Instruction::DIV_INT_LIT8:
+    case Instruction::DIV_INT_LIT16:
+    case Instruction::REM_INT:
+    case Instruction::REM_INT_2ADDR:
+    case Instruction::REM_INT_LIT8:
+    case Instruction::REM_INT_LIT16: {
+      EasyMultiplyOp ops[2];
+      return GetEasyMultiplyTwoOps(value, ops);
+    }
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
 bool ArmMir2Lir::InexpensiveConstantFloat(int32_t value) {
   return EncodeImmSingle(value) >= 0;
 }
@@ -510,7 +548,7 @@
           op = (op == kOpAdd) ? kOpSub : kOpAdd;
         }
       }
-      if (mod_imm < 0 && (abs_value & 0x3ff) == abs_value) {
+      if (mod_imm < 0 && (abs_value >> 12) == 0) {
         // This is deliberately used only if modified immediate encoding is inadequate since
         // we sometimes actually use the flags for small values but not necessarily low regs.
         if (op == kOpAdd)
@@ -542,6 +580,12 @@
     case kOpOr:
       opcode = kThumb2OrrRRI8M;
       alt_opcode = kThumb2OrrRRR;
+      if (mod_imm < 0) {
+        mod_imm = ModifiedImmediate(~value);
+        if (mod_imm >= 0) {
+          opcode = kThumb2OrnRRI8M;
+        }
+      }
       break;
     case kOpAnd:
       if (mod_imm < 0) {
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h
index ebf7874..3a91b08 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver-inl.h
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 
 #include "dex/compiler_ir.h"
 #include "dex_compilation_unit.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class_loader.h"
@@ -134,10 +133,9 @@
       } else {
         // Search dex file for localized ssb index, may fail if field's class is a parent
         // of the class mentioned in the dex file and there is no dex cache entry.
-        StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
+        std::string temp;
         const DexFile::StringId* string_id =
-            dex_file->FindStringId(
-                FieldHelper(hs.NewHandle(resolved_field)).GetDeclaringClassDescriptor());
+            dex_file->FindStringId(resolved_field->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDescriptor(&temp));
         if (string_id != nullptr) {
           const DexFile::TypeId* type_id =
              dex_file->FindTypeId(dex_file->GetIndexForStringId(*string_id));
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
index 2e9f835..ab9f41a 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_DALVIK
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
+#include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -53,6 +54,7 @@
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"
+#include "thread_list.h"
 #include "thread_pool.h"
 #include "trampolines/trampoline_compiler.h"
 #include "transaction.h"
@@ -626,10 +628,10 @@
   }
 }
 
-static void ResolveExceptionsForMethod(MutableMethodHelper* mh,
+static void ResolveExceptionsForMethod(MutableHandle<mirror::ArtMethod> method_handle,
     std::set<std::pair<uint16_t, const DexFile*>>& exceptions_to_resolve)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = mh->GetMethod()->GetCodeItem();
+  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method_handle->GetCodeItem();
   if (code_item == nullptr) {
     return;  // native or abstract method
   }
@@ -649,10 +651,10 @@
       uint16_t encoded_catch_handler_handlers_type_idx =
           DecodeUnsignedLeb128(&encoded_catch_handler_list);
       // Add to set of types to resolve if not already in the dex cache resolved types
-      if (!mh->GetMethod()->IsResolvedTypeIdx(encoded_catch_handler_handlers_type_idx)) {
+      if (!method_handle->IsResolvedTypeIdx(encoded_catch_handler_handlers_type_idx)) {
         exceptions_to_resolve.insert(
             std::pair<uint16_t, const DexFile*>(encoded_catch_handler_handlers_type_idx,
-                                                mh->GetMethod()->GetDexFile()));
+                                                method_handle->GetDexFile()));
       }
       // ignore address associated with catch handler
       DecodeUnsignedLeb128(&encoded_catch_handler_list);
@@ -669,14 +671,14 @@
   std::set<std::pair<uint16_t, const DexFile*>>* exceptions_to_resolve =
       reinterpret_cast<std::set<std::pair<uint16_t, const DexFile*>>*>(arg);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  MutableMethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle<mirror::ArtMethod>(nullptr));
+  MutableHandle<mirror::ArtMethod> method_handle(hs.NewHandle<mirror::ArtMethod>(nullptr));
   for (size_t i = 0; i < c->NumVirtualMethods(); ++i) {
-    mh.ChangeMethod(c->GetVirtualMethod(i));
-    ResolveExceptionsForMethod(&mh, *exceptions_to_resolve);
+    method_handle.Assign(c->GetVirtualMethod(i));
+    ResolveExceptionsForMethod(method_handle, *exceptions_to_resolve);
   }
   for (size_t i = 0; i < c->NumDirectMethods(); ++i) {
-    mh.ChangeMethod(c->GetDirectMethod(i));
-    ResolveExceptionsForMethod(&mh, *exceptions_to_resolve);
+    method_handle.Assign(c->GetDirectMethod(i));
+    ResolveExceptionsForMethod(method_handle, *exceptions_to_resolve);
   }
   return true;
 }
@@ -782,23 +784,143 @@
   }
 }
 
-void CompilerDriver::FindClinitImageClassesCallback(mirror::Object* object, void* arg) {
-  DCHECK(object != nullptr);
-  DCHECK(arg != nullptr);
-  CompilerDriver* compiler_driver = reinterpret_cast<CompilerDriver*>(arg);
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  MaybeAddToImageClasses(hs.NewHandle(object->GetClass()), compiler_driver->image_classes_.get());
-}
+// Keeps all the data for the update together. Also doubles as the reference visitor.
+// Note: we can use object pointers because we suspend all threads.
+class ClinitImageUpdate {
+ public:
+  static ClinitImageUpdate* Create(std::set<std::string>* image_class_descriptors, Thread* self,
+                                   ClassLinker* linker, std::string* error_msg) {
+    std::unique_ptr<ClinitImageUpdate> res(new ClinitImageUpdate(image_class_descriptors, self,
+                                                                 linker));
+    if (res->art_method_class_ == nullptr) {
+      *error_msg = "Could not find ArtMethod class.";
+      return nullptr;
+    } else if (res->dex_cache_class_ == nullptr) {
+      *error_msg = "Could not find DexCache class.";
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    return res.release();
+  }
+
+  ~ClinitImageUpdate() {
+    // Allow others to suspend again.
+    self_->EndAssertNoThreadSuspension(old_cause_);
+  }
+
+  // Visitor for VisitReferences.
+  void operator()(mirror::Object* object, MemberOffset field_offset, bool /* is_static */) const
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    mirror::Object* ref = object->GetFieldObject<mirror::Object>(field_offset);
+    if (ref != nullptr) {
+      VisitClinitClassesObject(ref);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // java.lang.Reference visitor for VisitReferences.
+  void operator()(mirror::Class* /* klass */, mirror::Reference* /* ref */) const {
+  }
+
+  void Walk() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    // Use the initial classes as roots for a search.
+    for (mirror::Class* klass_root : image_classes_) {
+      VisitClinitClassesObject(klass_root);
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ClinitImageUpdate(std::set<std::string>* image_class_descriptors, Thread* self,
+                    ClassLinker* linker)
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) :
+      image_class_descriptors_(image_class_descriptors), self_(self) {
+    CHECK(linker != nullptr);
+    CHECK(image_class_descriptors != nullptr);
+
+    // Make sure nobody interferes with us.
+    old_cause_ = self->StartAssertNoThreadSuspension("Boot image closure");
+
+    // Find the interesting classes.
+    art_method_class_ = linker->LookupClass(self, "Ljava/lang/reflect/ArtMethod;",
+        ComputeModifiedUtf8Hash("Ljava/lang/reflect/ArtMethod;"), nullptr);
+    dex_cache_class_ = linker->LookupClass(self, "Ljava/lang/DexCache;",
+        ComputeModifiedUtf8Hash("Ljava/lang/DexCache;"), nullptr);
+
+    // Find all the already-marked classes.
+    WriterMutexLock mu(self, *Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
+    linker->VisitClasses(FindImageClasses, this);
+  }
+
+  static bool FindImageClasses(mirror::Class* klass, void* arg)
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    ClinitImageUpdate* data = reinterpret_cast<ClinitImageUpdate*>(arg);
+    std::string temp;
+    const char* name = klass->GetDescriptor(&temp);
+    if (data->image_class_descriptors_->find(name) != data->image_class_descriptors_->end()) {
+      data->image_classes_.push_back(klass);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  void VisitClinitClassesObject(mirror::Object* object) const
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    DCHECK(object != nullptr);
+    if (marked_objects_.find(object) != marked_objects_.end()) {
+      // Already processed.
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Mark it.
+    marked_objects_.insert(object);
+
+    if (object->IsClass()) {
+      // If it is a class, add it.
+      StackHandleScope<1> hs(self_);
+      MaybeAddToImageClasses(hs.NewHandle(object->AsClass()), image_class_descriptors_);
+    } else {
+      // Else visit the object's class.
+      VisitClinitClassesObject(object->GetClass());
+    }
+
+    // If it is not a dex cache or an ArtMethod, visit all references.
+    mirror::Class* klass = object->GetClass();
+    if (klass != art_method_class_ && klass != dex_cache_class_) {
+      object->VisitReferences<false /* visit class */>(*this, *this);
+    }
+  }
+
+  mutable std::unordered_set<mirror::Object*> marked_objects_;
+  std::set<std::string>* const image_class_descriptors_;
+  std::vector<mirror::Class*> image_classes_;
+  const mirror::Class* art_method_class_;
+  const mirror::Class* dex_cache_class_;
+  Thread* const self_;
+  const char* old_cause_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ClinitImageUpdate);
+};
 
 void CompilerDriver::UpdateImageClasses(TimingLogger* timings) {
   if (IsImage()) {
     TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t("UpdateImageClasses", timings);
-    // Update image_classes_ with classes for objects created by <clinit> methods.
-    gc::Heap* heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
-    // TODO: Image spaces only?
-    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
-    WriterMutexLock mu(soa.Self(), *Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
-    heap->VisitObjects(FindClinitImageClassesCallback, this);
+
+    Runtime* current = Runtime::Current();
+
+    // Suspend all threads.
+    current->GetThreadList()->SuspendAll();
+
+    std::string error_msg;
+    std::unique_ptr<ClinitImageUpdate> update(ClinitImageUpdate::Create(image_classes_.get(),
+                                                                        Thread::Current(),
+                                                                        current->GetClassLinker(),
+                                                                        &error_msg));
+    CHECK(update.get() != nullptr) << error_msg;  // TODO: Soft failure?
+
+    // Do the marking.
+    update->Walk();
+
+    // Resume threads.
+    current->GetThreadList()->ResumeAll();
   }
 }
 
@@ -1194,11 +1316,10 @@
     target_method->dex_method_index = method->GetDexMethodIndex();
   } else {
     if (no_guarantee_of_dex_cache_entry) {
-      StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-      MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(method));
       // See if the method is also declared in this dex cache.
-      uint32_t dex_method_idx = mh.FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(
-          *target_method->dex_file, target_method->dex_method_index);
+      uint32_t dex_method_idx =
+          method->FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(*target_method->dex_file,
+                                                   target_method->dex_method_index);
       if (dex_method_idx != DexFile::kDexNoIndex) {
         target_method->dex_method_index = dex_method_idx;
       } else {
@@ -1820,6 +1941,12 @@
               mirror::Throwable* exception = soa.Self()->GetException(&throw_location);
               VLOG(compiler) << "Initialization of " << descriptor << " aborted because of "
                   << exception->Dump();
+              std::ostream* file_log = manager->GetCompiler()->
+                  GetCompilerOptions().GetInitFailureOutput();
+              if (file_log != nullptr) {
+                *file_log << descriptor << "\n";
+                *file_log << exception->Dump() << "\n";
+              }
               soa.Self()->ClearException();
               transaction.Abort();
               CHECK_EQ(old_status, klass->GetStatus()) << "Previous class status not restored";
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
index 437a1a9..d837dbc 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
@@ -340,6 +340,9 @@
   ArenaPool* GetArenaPool() {
     return &arena_pool_;
   }
+  const ArenaPool* GetArenaPool() const {
+    return &arena_pool_;
+  }
 
   bool WriteElf(const std::string& android_root,
                 bool is_host,
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h
index 0592f0c..aec7d24 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef ART_COMPILER_DRIVER_COMPILER_OPTIONS_H_
 #define ART_COMPILER_DRIVER_COMPILER_OPTIONS_H_
 
+#include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -70,7 +71,8 @@
 #ifdef ART_SEA_IR_MODE
     sea_ir_mode_(false),
 #endif
-    verbose_methods_(nullptr) {
+    verbose_methods_(nullptr),
+    init_failure_output_(nullptr) {
   }
 
   CompilerOptions(CompilerFilter compiler_filter,
@@ -90,7 +92,8 @@
 #ifdef ART_SEA_IR_MODE
                   bool sea_ir_mode,
 #endif
-                  const std::vector<std::string>* verbose_methods
+                  const std::vector<std::string>* verbose_methods,
+                  std::ostream* init_failure_output
                   ) :  // NOLINT(whitespace/parens)
     compiler_filter_(compiler_filter),
     huge_method_threshold_(huge_method_threshold),
@@ -109,7 +112,8 @@
 #ifdef ART_SEA_IR_MODE
     sea_ir_mode_(sea_ir_mode),
 #endif
-    verbose_methods_(verbose_methods) {
+    verbose_methods_(verbose_methods),
+    init_failure_output_(init_failure_output) {
   }
 
   CompilerFilter GetCompilerFilter() const {
@@ -217,6 +221,10 @@
     return false;
   }
 
+  std::ostream* GetInitFailureOutput() const {
+    return init_failure_output_;
+  }
+
  private:
   CompilerFilter compiler_filter_;
   const size_t huge_method_threshold_;
@@ -241,6 +249,9 @@
   // Vector of methods to have verbose output enabled for.
   const std::vector<std::string>* const verbose_methods_;
 
+  // Log initialization of initialization failures to this stream if not null.
+  std::ostream* const init_failure_output_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CompilerOptions);
 };
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const CompilerOptions::CompilerFilter& rhs);
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/builder.cc b/compiler/optimizing/builder.cc
index 777a117..eb6181c 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/builder.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/builder.cc
@@ -155,6 +155,37 @@
   current_block_ = nullptr;
 }
 
+static bool ShouldSkipCompilation(const CompilerDriver& compiler_driver,
+                                  const DexCompilationUnit& dex_compilation_unit,
+                                  size_t number_of_dex_instructions,
+                                  size_t number_of_blocks ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
+                                  size_t number_of_branches) {
+  const CompilerOptions& compiler_options = compiler_driver.GetCompilerOptions();
+  CompilerOptions::CompilerFilter compiler_filter = compiler_options.GetCompilerFilter();
+  if (compiler_filter == CompilerOptions::kEverything) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (compiler_options.IsHugeMethod(number_of_dex_instructions)) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Skip compilation of huge method "
+              << PrettyMethod(dex_compilation_unit.GetDexMethodIndex(),
+                              *dex_compilation_unit.GetDexFile())
+              << ": " << number_of_dex_instructions << " dex instructions";
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // If it's large and contains no branches, it's likely to be machine generated initialization.
+  if (compiler_options.IsLargeMethod(number_of_dex_instructions) && (number_of_branches == 0)) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Skip compilation of large method with no branch "
+              << PrettyMethod(dex_compilation_unit.GetDexMethodIndex(),
+                              *dex_compilation_unit.GetDexFile())
+              << ": " << number_of_dex_instructions << " dex instructions";
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
 HGraph* HGraphBuilder::BuildGraph(const DexFile::CodeItem& code_item) {
   const uint16_t* code_ptr = code_item.insns_;
   const uint16_t* code_end = code_item.insns_ + code_item.insns_size_in_code_units_;
@@ -171,9 +202,27 @@
   InitializeLocals(code_item.registers_size_);
   graph_->UpdateMaximumNumberOfOutVRegs(code_item.outs_size_);
 
+  // Compute the number of dex instructions, blocks, and branches. We will
+  // check these values against limits given to the compiler.
+  size_t number_of_dex_instructions = 0;
+  size_t number_of_blocks = 0;
+  size_t number_of_branches = 0;
+
   // To avoid splitting blocks, we compute ahead of time the instructions that
   // start a new block, and create these blocks.
-  ComputeBranchTargets(code_ptr, code_end);
+  ComputeBranchTargets(
+      code_ptr, code_end, &number_of_dex_instructions, &number_of_blocks, &number_of_branches);
+
+  // Note that the compiler driver is null when unit testing.
+  if (compiler_driver_ != nullptr) {
+    if (ShouldSkipCompilation(*compiler_driver_,
+                              *dex_compilation_unit_,
+                              number_of_dex_instructions,
+                              number_of_blocks,
+                              number_of_branches)) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+  }
 
   // Also create blocks for catch handlers.
   if (code_item.tries_size_ != 0) {
@@ -232,7 +281,11 @@
   current_block_ = block;
 }
 
-void HGraphBuilder::ComputeBranchTargets(const uint16_t* code_ptr, const uint16_t* code_end) {
+void HGraphBuilder::ComputeBranchTargets(const uint16_t* code_ptr,
+                                         const uint16_t* code_end,
+                                         size_t* number_of_dex_instructions,
+                                         size_t* number_of_blocks,
+                                         size_t* number_of_branches) {
   // TODO: Support switch instructions.
   branch_targets_.SetSize(code_end - code_ptr);
 
@@ -245,19 +298,23 @@
   // the locations these instructions branch to.
   size_t dex_pc = 0;
   while (code_ptr < code_end) {
+    (*number_of_dex_instructions)++;
     const Instruction& instruction = *Instruction::At(code_ptr);
     if (instruction.IsBranch()) {
+      (*number_of_branches)++;
       int32_t target = instruction.GetTargetOffset() + dex_pc;
       // Create a block for the target instruction.
       if (FindBlockStartingAt(target) == nullptr) {
         block = new (arena_) HBasicBlock(graph_, target);
         branch_targets_.Put(target, block);
+        (*number_of_blocks)++;
       }
       dex_pc += instruction.SizeInCodeUnits();
       code_ptr += instruction.SizeInCodeUnits();
       if ((code_ptr < code_end) && (FindBlockStartingAt(dex_pc) == nullptr)) {
         block = new (arena_) HBasicBlock(graph_, dex_pc);
         branch_targets_.Put(dex_pc, block);
+        (*number_of_blocks)++;
       }
     } else {
       code_ptr += instruction.SizeInCodeUnits();
@@ -423,38 +480,36 @@
   bool is_instance_call = invoke_type != kStatic;
   const size_t number_of_arguments = strlen(descriptor) - (is_instance_call ? 0 : 1);
 
-  HInvoke* invoke = nullptr;
-  if (invoke_type == kVirtual || invoke_type == kInterface || invoke_type == kSuper) {
-    MethodReference target_method(dex_file_, method_idx);
-    uintptr_t direct_code;
-    uintptr_t direct_method;
-    int table_index;
-    InvokeType optimized_invoke_type = invoke_type;
-    compiler_driver_->ComputeInvokeInfo(dex_compilation_unit_, dex_pc, true, true,
-                                        &optimized_invoke_type, &target_method, &table_index,
-                                        &direct_code, &direct_method);
-    if (table_index == -1) {
-      return false;
-    }
+  MethodReference target_method(dex_file_, method_idx);
+  uintptr_t direct_code;
+  uintptr_t direct_method;
+  int table_index;
+  InvokeType optimized_invoke_type = invoke_type;
 
-    if (optimized_invoke_type == kVirtual) {
-      invoke = new (arena_) HInvokeVirtual(
-          arena_, number_of_arguments, return_type, dex_pc, table_index);
-    } else if (optimized_invoke_type == kInterface) {
-      invoke = new (arena_) HInvokeInterface(
-          arena_, number_of_arguments, return_type, dex_pc, method_idx, table_index);
-    } else if (optimized_invoke_type == kDirect) {
-      // For this compiler, sharpening only works if we compile PIC.
-      DCHECK(compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic());
-      // Treat invoke-direct like static calls for now.
-      invoke = new (arena_) HInvokeStatic(
-          arena_, number_of_arguments, return_type, dex_pc, target_method.dex_method_index);
-    }
+  if (!compiler_driver_->ComputeInvokeInfo(dex_compilation_unit_, dex_pc, true, true,
+                                           &optimized_invoke_type, &target_method, &table_index,
+                                           &direct_code, &direct_method)) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Did not compile " << PrettyMethod(method_idx, *dex_file_)
+              << " because a method call could not be resolved";
+    return false;
+  }
+  DCHECK(optimized_invoke_type != kSuper);
+
+  HInvoke* invoke = nullptr;
+  if (optimized_invoke_type == kVirtual) {
+    invoke = new (arena_) HInvokeVirtual(
+        arena_, number_of_arguments, return_type, dex_pc, table_index);
+  } else if (optimized_invoke_type == kInterface) {
+    invoke = new (arena_) HInvokeInterface(
+        arena_, number_of_arguments, return_type, dex_pc, method_idx, table_index);
   } else {
-    DCHECK(invoke_type == kDirect || invoke_type == kStatic);
+    DCHECK(optimized_invoke_type == kDirect || optimized_invoke_type == kStatic);
+    // Sharpening to kDirect only works if we compile PIC.
+    DCHECK((optimized_invoke_type == invoke_type) || (optimized_invoke_type != kDirect)
+           || compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic());
     // Treat invoke-direct like static calls for now.
     invoke = new (arena_) HInvokeStatic(
-        arena_, number_of_arguments, return_type, dex_pc, method_idx);
+        arena_, number_of_arguments, return_type, dex_pc, target_method.dex_method_index);
   }
 
   size_t start_index = 0;
@@ -1053,6 +1108,11 @@
       break;
     }
 
+    case Instruction::FLOAT_TO_INT: {
+      Conversion_12x(instruction, Primitive::kPrimFloat, Primitive::kPrimInt);
+      break;
+    }
+
     case Instruction::INT_TO_BYTE: {
       Conversion_12x(instruction, Primitive::kPrimInt, Primitive::kPrimByte);
       break;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/builder.h b/compiler/optimizing/builder.h
index 25781b0..8519bcb 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/builder.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/builder.h
@@ -80,7 +80,13 @@
 
   // Finds all instructions that start a new block, and populates branch_targets_ with
   // the newly created blocks.
-  void ComputeBranchTargets(const uint16_t* start, const uint16_t* end);
+  // As a side effect, also compute the number of dex instructions, blocks, and
+  // branches.
+  void ComputeBranchTargets(const uint16_t* start,
+                            const uint16_t* end,
+                            size_t* number_of_dex_instructions,
+                            size_t* number_of_block,
+                            size_t* number_of_branches);
   void MaybeUpdateCurrentBlock(size_t index);
   HBasicBlock* FindBlockStartingAt(int32_t index) const;
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
index 4c0d3ea..7c8f6a2 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
@@ -35,6 +35,9 @@
 // Binary encoding of 2^31 for type double.
 static int64_t constexpr k2Pow31EncodingForDouble = INT64_C(0x41E0000000000000);
 
+// Maximum value for a primitive integer.
+static int32_t constexpr kPrimIntMax = 0x7fffffff;
+
 class Assembler;
 class CodeGenerator;
 class DexCompilationUnit;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc
index 5b2be2e..448a5a0 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc
@@ -1406,6 +1406,12 @@
           break;
 
         case Primitive::kPrimFloat:
+          // Processing a Dex `float-to-int' instruction.
+          locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresFpuRegister());
+          locations->SetOut(Location::RequiresRegister());
+          locations->AddTemp(Location::RequiresFpuRegister());
+          break;
+
         case Primitive::kPrimDouble:
           LOG(FATAL) << "Type conversion from " << input_type
                      << " to " << result_type << " not yet implemented";
@@ -1580,7 +1586,15 @@
           }
           break;
 
-        case Primitive::kPrimFloat:
+        case Primitive::kPrimFloat: {
+          // Processing a Dex `float-to-int' instruction.
+          SRegister temp = locations->GetTemp(0).AsFpuRegisterPairLow<SRegister>();
+          __ vmovs(temp, in.AsFpuRegister<SRegister>());
+          __ vcvtis(temp, temp);
+          __ vmovrs(out.AsRegister<Register>(), temp);
+          break;
+        }
+
         case Primitive::kPrimDouble:
           LOG(FATAL) << "Type conversion from " << input_type
                      << " to " << result_type << " not yet implemented";
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc
index fd794f9..6f83d9f 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc
@@ -1373,6 +1373,12 @@
           break;
 
         case Primitive::kPrimFloat:
+          // Processing a Dex `float-to-int' instruction.
+          locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresFpuRegister());
+          locations->SetOut(Location::RequiresRegister());
+          locations->AddTemp(Location::RequiresFpuRegister());
+          break;
+
         case Primitive::kPrimDouble:
           LOG(FATAL) << "Type conversion from " << input_type
                      << " to " << result_type << " not yet implemented";
@@ -1559,7 +1565,31 @@
           }
           break;
 
-        case Primitive::kPrimFloat:
+        case Primitive::kPrimFloat: {
+          // Processing a Dex `float-to-int' instruction.
+          XmmRegister input = in.AsFpuRegister<XmmRegister>();
+          Register output = out.AsRegister<Register>();
+          XmmRegister temp = locations->GetTemp(0).AsFpuRegister<XmmRegister>();
+          Label done, nan;
+
+          __ movl(output, Immediate(kPrimIntMax));
+          // temp = int-to-float(output)
+          __ cvtsi2ss(temp, output);
+          // if input >= temp goto done
+          __ comiss(input, temp);
+          __ j(kAboveEqual, &done);
+          // if input == NaN goto nan
+          __ j(kUnordered, &nan);
+          // output = float-to-int-truncate(input)
+          __ cvttss2si(output, input);
+          __ jmp(&done);
+          __ Bind(&nan);
+          //  output = 0
+          __ xorl(output, output);
+          __ Bind(&done);
+          break;
+        }
+
         case Primitive::kPrimDouble:
           LOG(FATAL) << "Type conversion from " << input_type
                      << " to " << result_type << " not yet implemented";
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc
index 4d70efc..47fd304 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc
@@ -1363,6 +1363,12 @@
           break;
 
         case Primitive::kPrimFloat:
+          // Processing a Dex `float-to-int' instruction.
+          locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresFpuRegister());
+          locations->SetOut(Location::RequiresRegister());
+          locations->AddTemp(Location::RequiresFpuRegister());
+          break;
+
         case Primitive::kPrimDouble:
           LOG(FATAL) << "Type conversion from " << input_type
                      << " to " << result_type << " not yet implemented";
@@ -1550,7 +1556,31 @@
           }
           break;
 
-        case Primitive::kPrimFloat:
+        case Primitive::kPrimFloat: {
+          // Processing a Dex `float-to-int' instruction.
+          XmmRegister input = in.AsFpuRegister<XmmRegister>();
+          CpuRegister output = out.AsRegister<CpuRegister>();
+          XmmRegister temp = locations->GetTemp(0).AsFpuRegister<XmmRegister>();
+          Label done, nan;
+
+          __ movl(output, Immediate(kPrimIntMax));
+          // temp = int-to-float(output)
+          __ cvtsi2ss(temp, output);
+          // if input >= temp goto done
+          __ comiss(input, temp);
+          __ j(kAboveEqual, &done);
+          // if input == NaN goto nan
+          __ j(kUnordered, &nan);
+          // output = float-to-int-truncate(input)
+          __ cvttss2si(output, input);
+          __ jmp(&done);
+          __ Bind(&nan);
+          //  output = 0
+          __ xorl(output, output);
+          __ Bind(&done);
+          break;
+        }
+
         case Primitive::kPrimDouble:
           LOG(FATAL) << "Type conversion from " << input_type
                      << " to " << result_type << " not yet implemented";
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/find_loops_test.cc b/compiler/optimizing/find_loops_test.cc
index c36b143..82fe03c 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/find_loops_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/find_loops_test.cc
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
   const DexFile::CodeItem* item = reinterpret_cast<const DexFile::CodeItem*>(data);
   HGraph* graph = builder.BuildGraph(*item);
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
-  graph->FindNaturalLoops();
+  graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops();
   return graph;
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/gvn_test.cc b/compiler/optimizing/gvn_test.cc
index ad6e338..a6a68ca 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/gvn_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/gvn_test.cc
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
 
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
   graph->TransformToSSA();
-  graph->FindNaturalLoops();
+  graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops();
   GlobalValueNumberer(&allocator, graph).Run();
 
   // Check that all field get instructions are still there.
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@
 
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
   graph->TransformToSSA();
-  graph->FindNaturalLoops();
+  graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops();
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(inner_loop_header->GetLoopInformation()->IsIn(
       *outer_loop_header->GetLoopInformation()));
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/linearize_test.cc b/compiler/optimizing/linearize_test.cc
index c49cf7e..28ca5e8 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/linearize_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/linearize_test.cc
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
   graph->TransformToSSA();
-  graph->FindNaturalLoops();
+  graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops();
 
   x86::CodeGeneratorX86 codegen(graph);
   SsaLivenessAnalysis liveness(*graph, &codegen);
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/live_ranges_test.cc b/compiler/optimizing/live_ranges_test.cc
index e3c6fec..5c7e6f0 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/live_ranges_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/live_ranges_test.cc
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
   RemoveSuspendChecks(graph);
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
   graph->TransformToSSA();
-  graph->FindNaturalLoops();
+  graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops();
   // `Inline` conditions into ifs.
   PrepareForRegisterAllocation(graph).Run();
   return graph;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/liveness_test.cc b/compiler/optimizing/liveness_test.cc
index 246e7ef..4b69e57 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/liveness_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/liveness_test.cc
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
   ASSERT_NE(graph, nullptr);
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
   graph->TransformToSSA();
-  graph->FindNaturalLoops();
+  graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops();
   // `Inline` conditions into ifs.
   PrepareForRegisterAllocation(graph).Run();
   x86::CodeGeneratorX86 codegen(graph);
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc
index 8cb2ef6..ba4dccf 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc
@@ -30,6 +30,36 @@
   VisitBlockForBackEdges(entry_block_, visited, &visiting);
 }
 
+static void RemoveAsUser(HInstruction* instruction) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < instruction->InputCount(); i++) {
+    instruction->InputAt(i)->RemoveUser(instruction, i);
+  }
+
+  HEnvironment* environment = instruction->GetEnvironment();
+  if (environment != nullptr) {
+    for (size_t i = 0, e = environment->Size(); i < e; ++i) {
+      HInstruction* vreg = environment->GetInstructionAt(i);
+      if (vreg != nullptr) {
+        vreg->RemoveEnvironmentUser(environment, i);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void HGraph::RemoveInstructionsAsUsersFromDeadBlocks(const ArenaBitVector& visited) const {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < blocks_.Size(); ++i) {
+    if (!visited.IsBitSet(i)) {
+      HBasicBlock* block = blocks_.Get(i);
+      for (HInstructionIterator it(block->GetPhis()); !it.Done(); it.Advance()) {
+        RemoveAsUser(it.Current());
+      }
+      for (HInstructionIterator it(block->GetInstructions()); !it.Done(); it.Advance()) {
+        RemoveAsUser(it.Current());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 void HGraph::RemoveDeadBlocks(const ArenaBitVector& visited) const {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < blocks_.Size(); ++i) {
     if (!visited.IsBitSet(i)) {
@@ -72,16 +102,21 @@
   // (1) Find the back edges in the graph doing a DFS traversal.
   FindBackEdges(&visited);
 
-  // (2) Remove blocks not visited during the initial DFS.
-  //     Step (3) requires dead blocks to be removed from the
+  // (2) Remove instructions and phis from blocks not visited during
+  //     the initial DFS as users from other instructions, so that
+  //     users can be safely removed before uses later.
+  RemoveInstructionsAsUsersFromDeadBlocks(visited);
+
+  // (3) Remove blocks not visited during the initial DFS.
+  //     Step (4) requires dead blocks to be removed from the
   //     predecessors list of live blocks.
   RemoveDeadBlocks(visited);
 
-  // (3) Simplify the CFG now, so that we don't need to recompute
+  // (4) Simplify the CFG now, so that we don't need to recompute
   //     dominators and the reverse post order.
   SimplifyCFG();
 
-  // (4) Compute the immediate dominator of each block. We visit
+  // (5) Compute the immediate dominator of each block. We visit
   //     the successors of a block only when all its forward branches
   //     have been processed.
   GrowableArray<size_t> visits(arena_, blocks_.Size());
@@ -237,7 +272,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool HGraph::FindNaturalLoops() const {
+bool HGraph::AnalyzeNaturalLoops() const {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < blocks_.Size(); ++i) {
     HBasicBlock* block = blocks_.Get(i);
     if (block->IsLoopHeader()) {
@@ -391,19 +426,7 @@
   instruction->SetBlock(nullptr);
   instruction_list->RemoveInstruction(instruction);
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < instruction->InputCount(); i++) {
-    instruction->InputAt(i)->RemoveUser(instruction, i);
-  }
-
-  HEnvironment* environment = instruction->GetEnvironment();
-  if (environment != nullptr) {
-    for (size_t i = 0, e = environment->Size(); i < e; ++i) {
-      HInstruction* vreg = environment->GetInstructionAt(i);
-      if (vreg != nullptr) {
-        vreg->RemoveEnvironmentUser(environment, i);
-      }
-    }
-  }
+  RemoveAsUser(instruction);
 }
 
 void HBasicBlock::RemoveInstruction(HInstruction* instruction) {
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
index 28496e4..3908a61 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@
   void TransformToSSA();
   void SimplifyCFG();
 
-  // Find all natural loops in this graph. Aborts computation and returns false
-  // if one loop is not natural, that is the header does not dominate the back
-  // edge.
-  bool FindNaturalLoops() const;
+  // Analyze all natural loops in this graph. Returns false if one
+  // loop is not natural, that is the header does not dominate the
+  // back edge.
+  bool AnalyzeNaturalLoops() const;
 
   void SplitCriticalEdge(HBasicBlock* block, HBasicBlock* successor);
   void SimplifyLoop(HBasicBlock* header);
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@
   void VisitBlockForBackEdges(HBasicBlock* block,
                               ArenaBitVector* visited,
                               ArenaBitVector* visiting);
+  void RemoveInstructionsAsUsersFromDeadBlocks(const ArenaBitVector& visited) const;
   void RemoveDeadBlocks(const ArenaBitVector& visited) const;
 
   ArenaAllocator* const arena_;
@@ -1669,7 +1670,12 @@
   uint16_t GetTypeIndex() const { return type_index_; }
 
   // Calls runtime so needs an environment.
-  virtual bool NeedsEnvironment() const { return true; }
+  bool NeedsEnvironment() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
+  // It may throw when called on:
+  //   - interfaces
+  //   - abstract/innaccessible/unknown classes
+  // TODO: optimize when possible.
+  bool CanThrow() const OVERRIDE { return true; }
 
   DECLARE_INSTRUCTION(NewInstance);
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
index d8533eb..100a6bc 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/optimizing_compiler.cc
@@ -192,7 +192,6 @@
 }
 
 static void RunOptimizations(HGraph* graph, const HGraphVisualizer& visualizer) {
-  TransformToSsa ssa(graph);
   HDeadCodeElimination opt1(graph);
   HConstantFolding opt2(graph);
   SsaRedundantPhiElimination opt3(graph);
@@ -202,7 +201,6 @@
   InstructionSimplifier opt7(graph);
 
   HOptimization* optimizations[] = {
-    &ssa,
     &opt1,
     &opt2,
     &opt3,
@@ -220,6 +218,23 @@
   }
 }
 
+static bool TryBuildingSsa(HGraph* graph,
+                           const DexCompilationUnit& dex_compilation_unit,
+                           const HGraphVisualizer& visualizer) {
+  graph->BuildDominatorTree();
+  graph->TransformToSSA();
+
+  if (!graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops()) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Skipping compilation of "
+              << PrettyMethod(dex_compilation_unit.GetDexMethodIndex(),
+                              *dex_compilation_unit.GetDexFile())
+              << ": it contains a non natural loop";
+    return false;
+  }
+  visualizer.DumpGraph("ssa transform");
+  return true;
+}
+
 CompiledMethod* OptimizingCompiler::Compile(const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                             uint32_t access_flags,
                                             InvokeType invoke_type,
@@ -281,7 +296,12 @@
   if (run_optimizations_
       && CanOptimize(*code_item)
       && RegisterAllocator::CanAllocateRegistersFor(*graph, instruction_set)) {
+    VLOG(compiler) << "Optimizing " << PrettyMethod(method_idx, dex_file);
     optimized_compiled_methods_++;
+    if (!TryBuildingSsa(graph, dex_compilation_unit, visualizer)) {
+      // We could not transform the graph to SSA, bailout.
+      return nullptr;
+    }
     RunOptimizations(graph, visualizer);
 
     PrepareForRegisterAllocation(graph).Run();
@@ -316,23 +336,10 @@
     LOG(FATAL) << "Could not allocate registers in optimizing compiler";
     UNREACHABLE();
   } else {
+    VLOG(compiler) << "Compile baseline " << PrettyMethod(method_idx, dex_file);
     unoptimized_compiled_methods_++;
     codegen->CompileBaseline(&allocator);
 
-    if (CanOptimize(*code_item)) {
-      // Run these phases to get some test coverage.
-      graph->BuildDominatorTree();
-      graph->TransformToSSA();
-      visualizer.DumpGraph("ssa");
-      graph->FindNaturalLoops();
-      SsaRedundantPhiElimination(graph).Run();
-      SsaDeadPhiElimination(graph).Run();
-      GVNOptimization(graph).Run();
-      SsaLivenessAnalysis liveness(*graph, codegen);
-      liveness.Analyze();
-      visualizer.DumpGraph(kLivenessPassName);
-    }
-
     std::vector<uint8_t> mapping_table;
     SrcMap src_mapping_table;
     codegen->BuildMappingTable(&mapping_table,
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/register_allocator_test.cc b/compiler/optimizing/register_allocator_test.cc
index ba4be34..8d75db9 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/register_allocator_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/register_allocator_test.cc
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
   HGraph* graph = builder.BuildGraph(*item);
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
   graph->TransformToSSA();
-  graph->FindNaturalLoops();
+  graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops();
   x86::CodeGeneratorX86 codegen(graph);
   SsaLivenessAnalysis liveness(*graph, &codegen);
   liveness.Analyze();
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@
   HGraph* graph = builder.BuildGraph(*item);
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
   graph->TransformToSSA();
-  graph->FindNaturalLoops();
+  graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops();
   return graph;
 }
 
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@
   (*phi)->AddInput(*input2);
 
   graph->BuildDominatorTree();
-  graph->FindNaturalLoops();
+  graph->AnalyzeNaturalLoops();
   return graph;
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.h b/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.h
index 5ab328f..2cbd51a 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/ssa_builder.h
@@ -22,20 +22,6 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
-class TransformToSsa : public HOptimization {
- public:
-  explicit TransformToSsa(HGraph* graph) : HOptimization(graph, true, "ssa transform") {}
-
-  void Run() OVERRIDE {
-    graph_->BuildDominatorTree();
-    graph_->TransformToSSA();
-    graph_->FindNaturalLoops();
-  }
-
- private:
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TransformToSsa);
-};
-
 static constexpr int kDefaultNumberOfLoops = 2;
 
 class SsaBuilder : public HGraphVisitor {
diff --git a/compiler/utils/arena_allocator.cc b/compiler/utils/arena_allocator.cc
index 004af98..a80ad93 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/arena_allocator.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/arena_allocator.cc
@@ -189,6 +189,15 @@
   return ret;
 }
 
+size_t ArenaPool::GetBytesAllocated() const {
+  size_t total = 0;
+  MutexLock lock(Thread::Current(), lock_);
+  for (Arena* arena = free_arenas_; arena != nullptr; arena = arena->next_) {
+    total += arena->GetBytesAllocated();
+  }
+  return total;
+}
+
 void ArenaPool::FreeArenaChain(Arena* first) {
   if (UNLIKELY(RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND > 0)) {
     for (Arena* arena = first; arena != nullptr; arena = arena->next_) {
diff --git a/compiler/utils/arena_allocator.h b/compiler/utils/arena_allocator.h
index 6d21399..7f5bc9a 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/arena_allocator.h
+++ b/compiler/utils/arena_allocator.h
@@ -135,6 +135,10 @@
     return Size() - bytes_allocated_;
   }
 
+  size_t GetBytesAllocated() const {
+    return bytes_allocated_;
+  }
+
  private:
   size_t bytes_allocated_;
   uint8_t* memory_;
@@ -153,11 +157,12 @@
  public:
   ArenaPool();
   ~ArenaPool();
-  Arena* AllocArena(size_t size);
-  void FreeArenaChain(Arena* first);
+  Arena* AllocArena(size_t size) LOCKS_EXCLUDED(lock_);
+  void FreeArenaChain(Arena* first) LOCKS_EXCLUDED(lock_);
+  size_t GetBytesAllocated() const LOCKS_EXCLUDED(lock_);
 
  private:
-  Mutex lock_ DEFAULT_MUTEX_ACQUIRED_AFTER;
+  mutable Mutex lock_ DEFAULT_MUTEX_ACQUIRED_AFTER;
   Arena* free_arenas_ GUARDED_BY(lock_);
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ArenaPool);
 };
diff --git a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
index 869c822..a1ac2f0 100644
--- a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
@@ -25,6 +25,10 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#ifndef __APPLE__
+#include <malloc.h>  // For mallinfo
+#endif
+
 #if defined(__linux__) && defined(__arm__)
 #include <sys/personality.h>
 #include <sys/utsname.h>
@@ -450,10 +454,10 @@
       timings_(timings) {}
 
   ~Dex2Oat() {
+    LogCompletionTime();  // Needs to be before since it accesses the runtime.
     if (kIsDebugBuild || (RUNNING_ON_VALGRIND != 0)) {
       delete runtime_;  // See field declaration for why this is manual.
     }
-    LogCompletionTime();
   }
 
   // Parse the arguments from the command line. In case of an unrecognized option or impossible
@@ -709,6 +713,16 @@
         //       on having verbost methods.
         gLogVerbosity.compiler = false;
         Split(option.substr(strlen("--verbose-methods=")).ToString(), ',', &verbose_methods_);
+      } else if (option.starts_with("--dump-init-failures=")) {
+        std::string file_name = option.substr(strlen("--dump-init-failures=")).data();
+        init_failure_output_.reset(new std::ofstream(file_name));
+        if (init_failure_output_.get() == nullptr) {
+          LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to allocate ofstream";
+        } else if (init_failure_output_->fail()) {
+          LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << file_name << " for writing the initialization "
+                     << "failures.";
+          init_failure_output_.reset();
+        }
       } else {
         Usage("Unknown argument %s", option.data());
       }
@@ -918,7 +932,8 @@
   #endif
                                                 verbose_methods_.empty() ?
                                                     nullptr :
-                                                    &verbose_methods_));
+                                                    &verbose_methods_,
+                                                init_failure_output_.get()));
 
     // Done with usage checks, enable watchdog if requested
     if (watch_dog_enabled) {
@@ -1593,9 +1608,21 @@
     return ReadImageClasses(image_classes_stream);
   }
 
-  void LogCompletionTime() const {
+  void LogCompletionTime() {
+    std::ostringstream mallinfostr;
+#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_H
+    struct mallinfo info = mallinfo();
+    const size_t allocated_space = static_cast<size_t>(info.uordblks);
+    const size_t free_space = static_cast<size_t>(info.fordblks);
+    mallinfostr << " native alloc=" << PrettySize(allocated_space) << " free="
+        << PrettySize(free_space);
+#endif
+    const ArenaPool* arena_pool = driver_->GetArenaPool();
+    gc::Heap* heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
     LOG(INFO) << "dex2oat took " << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_ns_)
-              << " (threads: " << thread_count_ << ")";
+              << " (threads: " << thread_count_ << ")"
+              << " arena alloc=" << PrettySize(arena_pool->GetBytesAllocated())
+              << " java alloc=" << PrettySize(heap->GetBytesAllocated()) << mallinfostr.str();
   }
 
   std::unique_ptr<CompilerOptions> compiler_options_;
@@ -1652,6 +1679,7 @@
   std::string profile_file_;  // Profile file to use
   TimingLogger* timings_;
   std::unique_ptr<CumulativeLogger> compiler_phases_timings_;
+  std::unique_ptr<std::ostream> init_failure_output_;
 
   DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(Dex2Oat);
 };
diff --git a/oatdump/oatdump.cc b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
index d28b626..b048833 100644
--- a/oatdump/oatdump.cc
+++ b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 #include "dex_instruction.h"
 #include "disassembler.h"
 #include "elf_builder.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "gc_map.h"
 #include "gc/space/image_space.h"
 #include "gc/space/large_object_space.h"
@@ -1459,50 +1458,54 @@
 
   static void PrintField(std::ostream& os, mirror::ArtField* field, mirror::Object* obj)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    const char* descriptor = field->GetTypeDescriptor();
     os << StringPrintf("%s: ", field->GetName());
-    if (descriptor[0] != 'L' && descriptor[0] != '[') {
-      StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-      FieldHelper fh(hs.NewHandle(field));
-      mirror::Class* type = fh.GetType();
-      DCHECK(type->IsPrimitive());
-      if (type->IsPrimitiveLong()) {
+    switch (field->GetTypeAsPrimitiveType()) {
+      case Primitive::kPrimLong:
         os << StringPrintf("%" PRId64 " (0x%" PRIx64 ")\n", field->Get64(obj), field->Get64(obj));
-      } else if (type->IsPrimitiveDouble()) {
+        break;
+      case Primitive::kPrimDouble:
         os << StringPrintf("%f (%a)\n", field->GetDouble(obj), field->GetDouble(obj));
-      } else if (type->IsPrimitiveFloat()) {
+        break;
+      case Primitive::kPrimFloat:
         os << StringPrintf("%f (%a)\n", field->GetFloat(obj), field->GetFloat(obj));
-      } else if (type->IsPrimitiveInt()) {
+        break;
+      case Primitive::kPrimInt:
         os << StringPrintf("%d (0x%x)\n", field->Get32(obj), field->Get32(obj));
-      } else if (type->IsPrimitiveChar()) {
+        break;
+      case Primitive::kPrimChar:
         os << StringPrintf("%u (0x%x)\n", field->GetChar(obj), field->GetChar(obj));
-      } else if (type->IsPrimitiveShort()) {
+        break;
+      case Primitive::kPrimShort:
         os << StringPrintf("%d (0x%x)\n", field->GetShort(obj), field->GetShort(obj));
-      } else if (type->IsPrimitiveBoolean()) {
+        break;
+      case Primitive::kPrimBoolean:
         os << StringPrintf("%s (0x%x)\n", field->GetBoolean(obj)? "true" : "false",
             field->GetBoolean(obj));
-      } else if (type->IsPrimitiveByte()) {
+        break;
+      case Primitive::kPrimByte:
         os << StringPrintf("%d (0x%x)\n", field->GetByte(obj), field->GetByte(obj));
-      } else {
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown type: " << PrettyClass(type);
-      }
-    } else {
-      // Get the value, don't compute the type unless it is non-null as we don't want
-      // to cause class loading.
-      mirror::Object* value = field->GetObj(obj);
-      if (value == nullptr) {
-        os << StringPrintf("null   %s\n", PrettyDescriptor(descriptor).c_str());
-      } else {
-        // Grab the field type without causing resolution.
-        StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-        FieldHelper fh(hs.NewHandle(field));
-        mirror::Class* field_type = fh.GetType(false);
-        if (field_type != nullptr) {
-          PrettyObjectValue(os, field_type, value);
+        break;
+      case Primitive::kPrimNot: {
+        // Get the value, don't compute the type unless it is non-null as we don't want
+        // to cause class loading.
+        mirror::Object* value = field->GetObj(obj);
+        if (value == nullptr) {
+          os << StringPrintf("null   %s\n", PrettyDescriptor(field->GetTypeDescriptor()).c_str());
         } else {
-          os << StringPrintf("%p   %s\n", value, PrettyDescriptor(descriptor).c_str());
+          // Grab the field type without causing resolution.
+          mirror::Class* field_type = field->GetType(false);
+          if (field_type != nullptr) {
+            PrettyObjectValue(os, field_type, value);
+          } else {
+            os << StringPrintf("%p   %s\n", value,
+                               PrettyDescriptor(field->GetTypeDescriptor()).c_str());
+          }
         }
+        break;
       }
+      default:
+        os << "unexpected field type: " << field->GetTypeDescriptor() << "\n";
+        break;
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/runtime/Android.mk b/runtime/Android.mk
index 087c0ea..7dfdb75 100644
--- a/runtime/Android.mk
+++ b/runtime/Android.mk
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@
   dex_file_verifier.cc \
   dex_instruction.cc \
   elf_file.cc \
-  field_helper.cc \
   gc/allocator/dlmalloc.cc \
   gc/allocator/rosalloc.cc \
   gc/accounting/card_table.cc \
@@ -91,7 +90,6 @@
   jobject_comparator.cc \
   mem_map.cc \
   memory_region.cc \
-  method_helper.cc \
   mirror/art_field.cc \
   mirror/art_method.cc \
   mirror/array.cc \
diff --git a/runtime/check_jni.cc b/runtime/check_jni.cc
index fe5b765..e45d3a3 100644
--- a/runtime/check_jni.cc
+++ b/runtime/check_jni.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include "class_linker.h"
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "gc/space/space.h"
 #include "java_vm_ext.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.cc b/runtime/class_linker.cc
index 4bd702d..6aab632 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.cc
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
 #include "intern_table.h"
 #include "interpreter/interpreter.h"
 #include "leb128.h"
-#include "method_helper-inl.h"
 #include "oat.h"
 #include "oat_file.h"
 #include "object_lock.h"
@@ -1671,6 +1670,7 @@
       LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to open dex file " << dex_file_location
                  << " from within oat file " << oat_file.GetLocation()
                  << " error '" << error_msg << "'";
+      UNREACHABLE();
     }
 
     CHECK_EQ(dex_file->GetLocationChecksum(), oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocationChecksum());
@@ -2393,6 +2393,7 @@
           break;
         default:
           LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown descriptor: " << c;
+          UNREACHABLE();
       }
     }
   }
@@ -2442,7 +2443,7 @@
   }
   DCHECK(!it.HasNext());
   LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to find method index " << method_idx << " in " << dex_file.GetLocation();
-  return 0;
+  UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 const OatFile::OatMethod ClassLinker::FindOatMethodFor(mirror::ArtMethod* method, bool* found) {
@@ -3078,7 +3079,7 @@
     LOG(ERROR) << "Registered dex file " << i << " = " << dex_cache->GetDexFile()->GetLocation();
   }
   LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to find DexCache for DexFile " << location;
-  return nullptr;
+  UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 void ClassLinker::FixupDexCaches(mirror::ArtMethod* resolution_method) {
@@ -3749,8 +3750,7 @@
   LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected class status: " << oat_file_class_status
              << " " << dex_file.GetLocation() << " " << PrettyClass(klass) << " "
              << klass->GetDescriptor(&temp);
-
-  return false;
+  UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 void ClassLinker::ResolveClassExceptionHandlerTypes(const DexFile& dex_file,
@@ -4345,6 +4345,41 @@
   UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
+static bool HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders(Thread* self,
+                                                      Handle<mirror::ArtMethod> method1,
+                                                      Handle<mirror::ArtMethod> method2)
+    SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  {
+    StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
+    Handle<mirror::Class> return_type(hs.NewHandle(method1->GetReturnType()));
+    if (UNLIKELY(method2->GetReturnType() != return_type.Get())) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  const DexFile::TypeList* types1 = method1->GetParameterTypeList();
+  const DexFile::TypeList* types2 = method2->GetParameterTypeList();
+  if (types1 == nullptr) {
+    return (types2 == nullptr) || (types2->Size() == 0);
+  } else if (UNLIKELY(types2 == nullptr)) {
+    return types1->Size() == 0;
+  }
+  uint32_t num_types = types1->Size();
+  if (UNLIKELY(num_types != types2->Size())) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_types; ++i) {
+    mirror::Class* param_type =
+        method1->GetClassFromTypeIndex(types1->GetTypeItem(i).type_idx_, true);
+    mirror::Class* other_param_type =
+        method2->GetClassFromTypeIndex(types2->GetTypeItem(i).type_idx_, true);
+    if (UNLIKELY(param_type != other_param_type)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
 bool ClassLinker::ValidateSuperClassDescriptors(Handle<mirror::Class> klass) {
   if (klass->IsInterface()) {
     return true;
@@ -4352,19 +4387,19 @@
   // Begin with the methods local to the superclass.
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
-  MutableMethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle<mirror::ArtMethod>(nullptr));
-  MutableMethodHelper super_mh(hs.NewHandle<mirror::ArtMethod>(nullptr));
+  MutableHandle<mirror::ArtMethod> h_m(hs.NewHandle<mirror::ArtMethod>(nullptr));
+  MutableHandle<mirror::ArtMethod> super_h_m(hs.NewHandle<mirror::ArtMethod>(nullptr));
   if (klass->HasSuperClass() &&
       klass->GetClassLoader() != klass->GetSuperClass()->GetClassLoader()) {
     for (int i = klass->GetSuperClass()->GetVTableLength() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
-      mh.ChangeMethod(klass->GetVTableEntry(i));
-      super_mh.ChangeMethod(klass->GetSuperClass()->GetVTableEntry(i));
-      if (mh.GetMethod() != super_mh.GetMethod() &&
-          !mh.HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders(self, &super_mh)) {
+      h_m.Assign(klass->GetVTableEntry(i));
+      super_h_m.Assign(klass->GetSuperClass()->GetVTableEntry(i));
+      if (h_m.Get() != super_h_m.Get() &&
+          !HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders(self, h_m, super_h_m)) {
         ThrowLinkageError(klass.Get(),
                           "Class %s method %s resolves differently in superclass %s",
                           PrettyDescriptor(klass.Get()).c_str(),
-                          PrettyMethod(mh.GetMethod()).c_str(),
+                          PrettyMethod(h_m.Get()).c_str(),
                           PrettyDescriptor(klass->GetSuperClass()).c_str());
         return false;
       }
@@ -4374,14 +4409,14 @@
     if (klass->GetClassLoader() != klass->GetIfTable()->GetInterface(i)->GetClassLoader()) {
       uint32_t num_methods = klass->GetIfTable()->GetInterface(i)->NumVirtualMethods();
       for (uint32_t j = 0; j < num_methods; ++j) {
-        mh.ChangeMethod(klass->GetIfTable()->GetMethodArray(i)->GetWithoutChecks(j));
-        super_mh.ChangeMethod(klass->GetIfTable()->GetInterface(i)->GetVirtualMethod(j));
-        if (mh.GetMethod() != super_mh.GetMethod() &&
-            !mh.HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders(self, &super_mh)) {
+        h_m.Assign(klass->GetIfTable()->GetMethodArray(i)->GetWithoutChecks(j));
+        super_h_m.Assign(klass->GetIfTable()->GetInterface(i)->GetVirtualMethod(j));
+        if (h_m.Get() != super_h_m.Get() &&
+            !HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders(self, h_m, super_h_m)) {
           ThrowLinkageError(klass.Get(),
                             "Class %s method %s resolves differently in interface %s",
                             PrettyDescriptor(klass.Get()).c_str(),
-                            PrettyMethod(mh.GetMethod()).c_str(),
+                            PrettyMethod(h_m.Get()).c_str(),
                             PrettyDescriptor(klass->GetIfTable()->GetInterface(i)).c_str());
           return false;
         }
@@ -5566,71 +5601,73 @@
       }
 
       // If we found something, check that it can be accessed by the referrer.
+      bool exception_generated = false;
       if (resolved != nullptr && referrer.Get() != nullptr) {
         mirror::Class* methods_class = resolved->GetDeclaringClass();
         mirror::Class* referring_class = referrer->GetDeclaringClass();
         if (!referring_class->CanAccess(methods_class)) {
           ThrowIllegalAccessErrorClassForMethodDispatch(referring_class, methods_class,
                                                         resolved, type);
-          return nullptr;
+          exception_generated = true;
         } else if (!referring_class->CanAccessMember(methods_class,
                                                      resolved->GetAccessFlags())) {
           ThrowIllegalAccessErrorMethod(referring_class, resolved);
-          return nullptr;
+          exception_generated = true;
         }
       }
-
-      // Otherwise, throw an IncompatibleClassChangeError if we found something, and check interface
-      // methods and throw if we find the method there. If we find nothing, throw a
-      // NoSuchMethodError.
-      switch (type) {
-        case kDirect:
-        case kStatic:
-          if (resolved != nullptr) {
-            ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kVirtual, resolved, referrer.Get());
-          } else {
-            resolved = klass->FindInterfaceMethod(name, signature);
-            if (resolved != nullptr) {
-              ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kInterface, resolved, referrer.Get());
-            } else {
-              ThrowNoSuchMethodError(type, klass, name, signature);
-            }
-          }
-          break;
-        case kInterface:
-          if (resolved != nullptr) {
-            ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kDirect, resolved, referrer.Get());
-          } else {
-            resolved = klass->FindVirtualMethod(name, signature);
+      if (!exception_generated) {
+        // Otherwise, throw an IncompatibleClassChangeError if we found something, and check
+        // interface methods and throw if we find the method there. If we find nothing, throw a
+        // NoSuchMethodError.
+        switch (type) {
+          case kDirect:
+          case kStatic:
             if (resolved != nullptr) {
               ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kVirtual, resolved, referrer.Get());
             } else {
-              ThrowNoSuchMethodError(type, klass, name, signature);
+              resolved = klass->FindInterfaceMethod(name, signature);
+              if (resolved != nullptr) {
+                ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kInterface, resolved, referrer.Get());
+              } else {
+                ThrowNoSuchMethodError(type, klass, name, signature);
+              }
             }
-          }
-          break;
-        case kSuper:
-          if (resolved != nullptr) {
-            ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kDirect, resolved, referrer.Get());
-          } else {
-            ThrowNoSuchMethodError(type, klass, name, signature);
-          }
-          break;
-        case kVirtual:
-          if (resolved != nullptr) {
-            ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kDirect, resolved, referrer.Get());
-          } else {
-            resolved = klass->FindInterfaceMethod(name, signature);
+            break;
+          case kInterface:
             if (resolved != nullptr) {
-              ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kInterface, resolved, referrer.Get());
+              ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kDirect, resolved, referrer.Get());
+            } else {
+              resolved = klass->FindVirtualMethod(name, signature);
+              if (resolved != nullptr) {
+                ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kVirtual, resolved, referrer.Get());
+              } else {
+                ThrowNoSuchMethodError(type, klass, name, signature);
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+          case kSuper:
+            if (resolved != nullptr) {
+              ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kDirect, resolved, referrer.Get());
             } else {
               ThrowNoSuchMethodError(type, klass, name, signature);
             }
-          }
-          break;
+            break;
+          case kVirtual:
+            if (resolved != nullptr) {
+              ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kDirect, resolved, referrer.Get());
+            } else {
+              resolved = klass->FindInterfaceMethod(name, signature);
+              if (resolved != nullptr) {
+                ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeError(type, kInterface, resolved, referrer.Get());
+              } else {
+                ThrowNoSuchMethodError(type, klass, name, signature);
+              }
+            }
+            break;
+        }
       }
     }
-    DCHECK(Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
+    Thread::Current()->AssertPendingException();
     return nullptr;
   }
 }
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
index 99d0746..ac078aa 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
 #include "entrypoints/entrypoint_utils-inl.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method.h"
@@ -178,9 +177,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(field->GetClass() != nullptr);
     EXPECT_EQ(klass, field->GetDeclaringClass());
     EXPECT_TRUE(field->GetName() != nullptr);
-    StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-    FieldHelper fh(hs.NewHandle(field));
-    EXPECT_TRUE(fh.GetType() != nullptr);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(field->GetType(true) != nullptr);
   }
 
   void AssertClass(const std::string& descriptor, Handle<mirror::Class> klass)
@@ -286,8 +283,7 @@
     for (size_t i = 0; i < klass->NumInstanceFields(); i++) {
       mirror::ArtField* field = klass->GetInstanceField(i);
       fhandle.Assign(field);
-      FieldHelper fh(fhandle);
-      mirror::Class* field_type = fh.GetType();
+      mirror::Class* field_type = fhandle->GetType(true);
       ASSERT_TRUE(field_type != nullptr);
       if (!field->IsPrimitiveType()) {
         ASSERT_TRUE(!field_type->IsPrimitive());
@@ -295,7 +291,7 @@
         if (current_ref_offset.Uint32Value() == end_ref_offset.Uint32Value()) {
           // While Reference.referent is not primitive, the ClassLinker
           // treats it as such so that the garbage collector won't scan it.
-          EXPECT_EQ(PrettyField(fh.GetField()),
+          EXPECT_EQ(PrettyField(fhandle.Get()),
                     "java.lang.Object java.lang.ref.Reference.referent");
         } else {
           current_ref_offset = MemberOffset(current_ref_offset.Uint32Value() +
diff --git a/runtime/debugger.cc b/runtime/debugger.cc
index 49b132d..d5cba50 100644
--- a/runtime/debugger.cc
+++ b/runtime/debugger.cc
@@ -25,13 +25,11 @@
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "dex_instruction.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
 #include "gc/space/large_object_space.h"
 #include "gc/space/space-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope.h"
 #include "jdwp/object_registry.h"
-#include "method_helper-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
@@ -1924,7 +1922,7 @@
         HandleWrapper<mirror::Object> h_v(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&v));
         HandleWrapper<mirror::ArtField> h_f(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&f));
         HandleWrapper<mirror::Object> h_o(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&o));
-        field_type = FieldHelper(h_f).GetType();
+        field_type = h_f->GetType(true);
       }
       if (!field_type->IsAssignableFrom(v->GetClass())) {
         return JDWP::ERR_INVALID_OBJECT;
@@ -3679,7 +3677,7 @@
 
     {
       StackHandleScope<3> hs(soa.Self());
-      MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(m));
+      HandleWrapper<mirror::ArtMethod> h_m(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&m));
       HandleWrapper<mirror::Object> h_obj(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&receiver));
       HandleWrapper<mirror::Class> h_klass(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&c));
       const DexFile::TypeList* types = m->GetParameterTypeList();
@@ -3690,7 +3688,8 @@
 
         if (shorty[i + 1] == 'L') {
           // Did we really get an argument of an appropriate reference type?
-          mirror::Class* parameter_type = mh.GetClassFromTypeIdx(types->GetTypeItem(i).type_idx_);
+          mirror::Class* parameter_type =
+              h_m->GetClassFromTypeIndex(types->GetTypeItem(i).type_idx_, true);
           mirror::Object* argument = gRegistry->Get<mirror::Object*>(arg_values[i], &error);
           if (error != JDWP::ERR_NONE) {
             return JDWP::ERR_INVALID_OBJECT;
@@ -3704,8 +3703,6 @@
           v.l = gRegistry->GetJObject(arg_values[i]);
         }
       }
-      // Update in case it moved.
-      m = mh.GetMethod();
     }
 
     req->receiver = receiver;
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.cc b/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.cc
index da2dfe1..c329fe6 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.cc
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
-#include "method_helper-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints/interpreter/interpreter_entrypoints.cc b/runtime/entrypoints/interpreter/interpreter_entrypoints.cc
index 908d3cd..3b47f24 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints/interpreter/interpreter_entrypoints.cc
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints/interpreter/interpreter_entrypoints.cc
@@ -24,9 +24,7 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
-// TODO: Make the MethodHelper here be compaction safe.
-extern "C" void artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                                   const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+extern "C" void artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                                    ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result) {
   mirror::ArtMethod* method = shadow_frame->GetMethod();
   // Ensure static methods are initialized.
@@ -50,11 +48,11 @@
   }
   uint16_t arg_offset = (code_item == NULL) ? 0 : code_item->registers_size_ - code_item->ins_size_;
   if (kUsePortableCompiler) {
-    InvokeWithShadowFrame(self, shadow_frame, arg_offset, mh, result);
+    InvokeWithShadowFrame(self, shadow_frame, arg_offset, result);
   } else {
     method->Invoke(self, shadow_frame->GetVRegArgs(arg_offset),
                    (shadow_frame->NumberOfVRegs() - arg_offset) * sizeof(uint32_t),
-                   result, mh->GetShorty());
+                   result, method->GetShorty());
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints/interpreter/interpreter_entrypoints.h b/runtime/entrypoints/interpreter/interpreter_entrypoints.h
index 5d646e9..0952214 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints/interpreter/interpreter_entrypoints.h
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints/interpreter/interpreter_entrypoints.h
@@ -27,17 +27,14 @@
 namespace art {
 
 union JValue;
-class MethodHelper;
 class ShadowFrame;
 class Thread;
 
 // Pointers to functions that are called by interpreter trampolines via thread-local storage.
 struct PACKED(4) InterpreterEntryPoints {
-  void (*pInterpreterToInterpreterBridge)(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                          const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+  void (*pInterpreterToInterpreterBridge)(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                           ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result);
-  void (*pInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge)(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                           const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+  void (*pInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge)(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                            ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result);
 };
 
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints/portable/portable_trampoline_entrypoints.cc b/runtime/entrypoints/portable/portable_trampoline_entrypoints.cc
index e7975f8..2a2771f 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints/portable/portable_trampoline_entrypoints.cc
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints/portable/portable_trampoline_entrypoints.cc
@@ -27,6 +27,56 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
+class ShortyHelper {
+ public:
+  ShortyHelper(const char* shorty, uint32_t shorty_len, bool is_static)
+      : shorty_(shorty), shorty_len_(shorty_len), is_static_(is_static) {
+  }
+
+  const char* GetShorty() const {
+    return shorty_;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t GetShortyLength() const {
+    return shorty_len_;
+  }
+
+  size_t NumArgs() const {
+    // "1 +" because the first in Args is the receiver.
+    // "- 1" because we don't count the return type.
+    return (is_static_ ? 0 : 1) + GetShortyLength() - 1;
+  }
+
+  // Get the primitive type associated with the given parameter.
+  Primitive::Type GetParamPrimitiveType(size_t param) const {
+    CHECK_LT(param, NumArgs());
+    if (is_static_) {
+      param++;  // 0th argument must skip return value at start of the shorty.
+    } else if (param == 0) {
+      return Primitive::kPrimNot;
+    }
+    return Primitive::GetType(shorty_[param]);
+  }
+
+  // Is the specified parameter a long or double, where parameter 0 is 'this' for instance methods.
+  bool IsParamALongOrDouble(size_t param) const {
+    Primitive::Type type = GetParamPrimitiveType(param);
+    return type == Primitive::kPrimLong || type == Primitive::kPrimDouble;
+  }
+
+  // Is the specified parameter a reference, where parameter 0 is 'this' for instance methods.
+  bool IsParamAReference(size_t param) const {
+    return GetParamPrimitiveType(param) == Primitive::kPrimNot;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const char* const shorty_;
+  const uint32_t shorty_len_;
+  const bool is_static_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ShortyHelper);
+};
+
 // Visits the arguments as saved to the stack by a Runtime::kRefAndArgs callee save frame.
 class PortableArgumentVisitor {
  public:
@@ -60,7 +110,7 @@
 #define PORTABLE_STACK_ARG_SKIP 0
 #endif
 
-  PortableArgumentVisitor(MethodHelper& caller_mh, mirror::ArtMethod** sp)
+  PortableArgumentVisitor(ShortyHelper& caller_mh, mirror::ArtMethod** sp)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) :
     caller_mh_(caller_mh),
     args_in_regs_(ComputeArgsInRegs(caller_mh)),
@@ -119,7 +169,7 @@
   }
 
  private:
-  static size_t ComputeArgsInRegs(MethodHelper& mh) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  static size_t ComputeArgsInRegs(ShortyHelper& mh) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
 #if (defined(__i386__))
     UNUSED(mh);
     return 0;
@@ -136,7 +186,7 @@
     return args_in_regs;
 #endif
   }
-  MethodHelper& caller_mh_;
+  ShortyHelper& caller_mh_;
   const size_t args_in_regs_;
   const size_t num_params_;
   uint8_t* const reg_args_;
@@ -149,7 +199,7 @@
 // Visits arguments on the stack placing them into the shadow frame.
 class BuildPortableShadowFrameVisitor : public PortableArgumentVisitor {
  public:
-  BuildPortableShadowFrameVisitor(MethodHelper& caller_mh, mirror::ArtMethod** sp,
+  BuildPortableShadowFrameVisitor(ShortyHelper& caller_mh, mirror::ArtMethod** sp,
       ShadowFrame& sf, size_t first_arg_reg) :
     PortableArgumentVisitor(caller_mh, sp), sf_(sf), cur_reg_(first_arg_reg) { }
   virtual void Visit() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
@@ -198,7 +248,9 @@
   } else {
     const char* old_cause = self->StartAssertNoThreadSuspension("Building interpreter shadow frame");
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
-    MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(method));
+    uint32_t shorty_len;
+    const char* shorty = method->GetShorty(&shorty_len);
+    ShortyHelper mh(shorty, shorty_len, method->IsStatic());
     const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method->GetCodeItem();
     uint16_t num_regs = code_item->registers_size_;
     void* memory = alloca(ShadowFrame::ComputeSize(num_regs));
@@ -224,7 +276,7 @@
       }
     }
 
-    JValue result = interpreter::EnterInterpreterFromEntryPoint(self, &mh, code_item, shadow_frame);
+    JValue result = interpreter::EnterInterpreterFromEntryPoint(self, code_item, shadow_frame);
     // Pop transition.
     self->PopManagedStackFragment(fragment);
     return result.GetJ();
@@ -235,7 +287,7 @@
 // to jobjects.
 class BuildPortableArgumentVisitor : public PortableArgumentVisitor {
  public:
-  BuildPortableArgumentVisitor(MethodHelper& caller_mh, mirror::ArtMethod** sp,
+  BuildPortableArgumentVisitor(ShortyHelper& caller_mh, mirror::ArtMethod** sp,
                                ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked& soa, std::vector<jvalue>& args) :
     PortableArgumentVisitor(caller_mh, sp), soa_(soa), args_(args) {}
 
@@ -294,8 +346,9 @@
   jobject rcvr_jobj = soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(receiver);
 
   // Placing arguments into args vector and remove the receiver.
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-  MethodHelper proxy_mh(hs.NewHandle(proxy_method));
+  uint32_t shorty_len;
+  const char* shorty = proxy_method->GetShorty(&shorty_len);
+  ShortyHelper proxy_mh(shorty, shorty_len, false);
   std::vector<jvalue> args;
   BuildPortableArgumentVisitor local_ref_visitor(proxy_mh, sp, soa, args);
   local_ref_visitor.VisitArguments();
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints/quick/quick_trampoline_entrypoints.cc b/runtime/entrypoints/quick/quick_trampoline_entrypoints.cc
index 93dc62a..cb81629 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints/quick/quick_trampoline_entrypoints.cc
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints/quick/quick_trampoline_entrypoints.cc
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "entrypoints/runtime_asm_entrypoints.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
 #include "interpreter/interpreter.h"
+#include "method_reference.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/dex_cache-inl.h"
@@ -510,25 +511,25 @@
     BuildQuickShadowFrameVisitor shadow_frame_builder(sp, method->IsStatic(), shorty, shorty_len,
                                                       shadow_frame, first_arg_reg);
     shadow_frame_builder.VisitArguments();
+    const bool needs_initialization =
+        method->IsStatic() && !method->GetDeclaringClass()->IsInitialized();
     // Push a transition back into managed code onto the linked list in thread.
     ManagedStack fragment;
     self->PushManagedStackFragment(&fragment);
     self->PushShadowFrame(shadow_frame);
     self->EndAssertNoThreadSuspension(old_cause);
 
-    StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-    MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(method));
-    if (mh.Get()->IsStatic() && !mh.Get()->GetDeclaringClass()->IsInitialized()) {
+    if (needs_initialization) {
       // Ensure static method's class is initialized.
-      StackHandleScope<1> hs2(self);
-      Handle<mirror::Class> h_class(hs2.NewHandle(mh.Get()->GetDeclaringClass()));
+      StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
+      Handle<mirror::Class> h_class(hs.NewHandle(shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetDeclaringClass()));
       if (!Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->EnsureInitialized(self, h_class, true, true)) {
-        DCHECK(Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending()) << PrettyMethod(mh.Get());
+        DCHECK(Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending()) << PrettyMethod(shadow_frame->GetMethod());
         self->PopManagedStackFragment(fragment);
         return 0;
       }
     }
-    JValue result = interpreter::EnterInterpreterFromEntryPoint(self, &mh, code_item, shadow_frame);
+    JValue result = interpreter::EnterInterpreterFromEntryPoint(self, code_item, shadow_frame);
     // Pop transition.
     self->PopManagedStackFragment(fragment);
     // No need to restore the args since the method has already been run by the interpreter.
@@ -641,7 +642,7 @@
 
   // Convert proxy method into expected interface method.
   mirror::ArtMethod* interface_method = proxy_method->FindOverriddenMethod();
-  DCHECK(interface_method != NULL) << PrettyMethod(proxy_method);
+  DCHECK(interface_method != nullptr) << PrettyMethod(proxy_method);
   DCHECK(!interface_method->IsProxyMethod()) << PrettyMethod(interface_method);
   jobject interface_method_jobj = soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(interface_method);
 
@@ -710,12 +711,12 @@
   ClassLinker* linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
   mirror::ArtMethod* caller = QuickArgumentVisitor::GetCallingMethod(sp);
   InvokeType invoke_type;
-  const DexFile* dex_file;
-  uint32_t dex_method_idx;
-  if (called->IsRuntimeMethod()) {
+  MethodReference called_method(nullptr, 0);
+  const bool called_method_known_on_entry = !called->IsRuntimeMethod();
+  if (!called_method_known_on_entry) {
     uint32_t dex_pc = caller->ToDexPc(QuickArgumentVisitor::GetCallingPc(sp));
     const DexFile::CodeItem* code;
-    dex_file = caller->GetDexFile();
+    called_method.dex_file = caller->GetDexFile();
     code = caller->GetCodeItem();
     CHECK_LT(dex_pc, code->insns_size_in_code_units_);
     const Instruction* instr = Instruction::At(&code->insns_[dex_pc]);
@@ -763,33 +764,33 @@
         is_range = true;
         break;
       default:
-        LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected call into trampoline: " << instr->DumpString(NULL);
-        // Avoid used uninitialized warnings.
-        invoke_type = kDirect;
-        is_range = false;
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected call into trampoline: " << instr->DumpString(nullptr);
+        UNREACHABLE();
     }
-    dex_method_idx = (is_range) ? instr->VRegB_3rc() : instr->VRegB_35c();
+    called_method.dex_method_index = (is_range) ? instr->VRegB_3rc() : instr->VRegB_35c();
   } else {
     invoke_type = kStatic;
-    dex_file = called->GetDexFile();
-    dex_method_idx = called->GetDexMethodIndex();
+    called_method.dex_file = called->GetDexFile();
+    called_method.dex_method_index = called->GetDexMethodIndex();
   }
   uint32_t shorty_len;
   const char* shorty =
-      dex_file->GetMethodShorty(dex_file->GetMethodId(dex_method_idx), &shorty_len);
+      called_method.dex_file->GetMethodShorty(
+          called_method.dex_file->GetMethodId(called_method.dex_method_index), &shorty_len);
   RememberForGcArgumentVisitor visitor(sp, invoke_type == kStatic, shorty, shorty_len, &soa);
   visitor.VisitArguments();
   self->EndAssertNoThreadSuspension(old_cause);
-  bool virtual_or_interface = invoke_type == kVirtual || invoke_type == kInterface;
+  const bool virtual_or_interface = invoke_type == kVirtual || invoke_type == kInterface;
   // Resolve method filling in dex cache.
-  if (UNLIKELY(called->IsRuntimeMethod())) {
+  if (!called_method_known_on_entry) {
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
     mirror::Object* dummy = nullptr;
     HandleWrapper<mirror::Object> h_receiver(
         hs.NewHandleWrapper(virtual_or_interface ? &receiver : &dummy));
-    called = linker->ResolveMethod(self, dex_method_idx, &caller, invoke_type);
+    DCHECK_EQ(caller->GetDexFile(), called_method.dex_file);
+    called = linker->ResolveMethod(self, called_method.dex_method_index, &caller, invoke_type);
   }
-  const void* code = NULL;
+  const void* code = nullptr;
   if (LIKELY(!self->IsExceptionPending())) {
     // Incompatible class change should have been handled in resolve method.
     CHECK(!called->CheckIncompatibleClassChange(invoke_type))
@@ -810,20 +811,26 @@
                                << invoke_type << " " << orig_called->GetVtableIndex();
 
       // We came here because of sharpening. Ensure the dex cache is up-to-date on the method index
-      // of the sharpened method.
-      if (called->HasSameDexCacheResolvedMethods(caller)) {
-        caller->SetDexCacheResolvedMethod(called->GetDexMethodIndex(), called);
-      } else {
+      // of the sharpened method avoiding dirtying the dex cache if possible.
+      // Note, called_method.dex_method_index references the dex method before the
+      // FindVirtualMethodFor... This is ok for FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile that only cares
+      // about the name and signature.
+      uint32_t update_dex_cache_method_index = called->GetDexMethodIndex();
+      if (!called->HasSameDexCacheResolvedMethods(caller)) {
         // Calling from one dex file to another, need to compute the method index appropriate to
         // the caller's dex file. Since we get here only if the original called was a runtime
         // method, we've got the correct dex_file and a dex_method_idx from above.
-        DCHECK_EQ(caller->GetDexFile(), dex_file);
-        StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-        MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(called));
-        uint32_t method_index = mh.FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(*dex_file, dex_method_idx);
-        if (method_index != DexFile::kDexNoIndex) {
-          caller->SetDexCacheResolvedMethod(method_index, called);
-        }
+        DCHECK(!called_method_known_on_entry);
+        DCHECK_EQ(caller->GetDexFile(), called_method.dex_file);
+        const DexFile* caller_dex_file = called_method.dex_file;
+        uint32_t caller_method_name_and_sig_index = called_method.dex_method_index;
+        update_dex_cache_method_index =
+            called->FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(*caller_dex_file,
+                                                     caller_method_name_and_sig_index);
+      }
+      if ((update_dex_cache_method_index != DexFile::kDexNoIndex) &&
+          (caller->GetDexCacheResolvedMethod(update_dex_cache_method_index) != called)) {
+        caller->SetDexCacheResolvedMethod(update_dex_cache_method_index, called);
       }
     }
     // Ensure that the called method's class is initialized.
@@ -845,7 +852,7 @@
       DCHECK(called_class->IsErroneous());
     }
   }
-  CHECK_EQ(code == NULL, self->IsExceptionPending());
+  CHECK_EQ(code == nullptr, self->IsExceptionPending());
   // Fixup any locally saved objects may have moved during a GC.
   visitor.FixupReferences();
   // Place called method in callee-save frame to be placed as first argument to quick method.
@@ -1262,6 +1269,7 @@
           break;
         default:
           LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected type: " << cur_type_ << " in " << shorty;
+          UNREACHABLE();
       }
     }
 
@@ -1785,7 +1793,7 @@
       visitor.FixupReferences();
     }
 
-    if (UNLIKELY(method == NULL)) {
+    if (UNLIKELY(method == nullptr)) {
       CHECK(self->IsExceptionPending());
       return GetTwoWordFailureValue();  // Failure.
     }
@@ -1794,7 +1802,7 @@
   const void* code = method->GetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode();
 
   // When we return, the caller will branch to this address, so it had better not be 0!
-  DCHECK(code != nullptr) << "Code was NULL in method: " << PrettyMethod(method)
+  DCHECK(code != nullptr) << "Code was null in method: " << PrettyMethod(method)
                           << " location: "
                           << method->GetDexFile()->GetLocation();
 
@@ -1880,7 +1888,7 @@
   mirror::ArtMethod* method;
   if (LIKELY(interface_method->GetDexMethodIndex() != DexFile::kDexNoIndex)) {
     method = this_object->GetClass()->FindVirtualMethodForInterface(interface_method);
-    if (UNLIKELY(method == NULL)) {
+    if (UNLIKELY(method == nullptr)) {
       ThrowIncompatibleClassChangeErrorClassForInterfaceDispatch(interface_method, this_object,
                                                                  caller_method);
       return GetTwoWordFailureValue();  // Failure.
@@ -1900,7 +1908,7 @@
     Instruction::Code instr_code = instr->Opcode();
     CHECK(instr_code == Instruction::INVOKE_INTERFACE ||
           instr_code == Instruction::INVOKE_INTERFACE_RANGE)
-        << "Unexpected call into interface trampoline: " << instr->DumpString(NULL);
+        << "Unexpected call into interface trampoline: " << instr->DumpString(nullptr);
     uint32_t dex_method_idx;
     if (instr_code == Instruction::INVOKE_INTERFACE) {
       dex_method_idx = instr->VRegB_35c();
@@ -1932,7 +1940,7 @@
   const void* code = method->GetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode();
 
   // When we return, the caller will branch to this address, so it had better not be 0!
-  DCHECK(code != nullptr) << "Code was NULL in method: " << PrettyMethod(method)
+  DCHECK(code != nullptr) << "Code was null in method: " << PrettyMethod(method)
                           << " location: " << method->GetDexFile()->GetLocation();
 
   return GetTwoWordSuccessValue(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(code),
diff --git a/runtime/field_helper.cc b/runtime/field_helper.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c85c46..0000000
--- a/runtime/field_helper.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "field_helper.h"
-
-#include "class_linker-inl.h"
-#include "dex_file.h"
-#include "mirror/dex_cache.h"
-#include "runtime.h"
-#include "thread-inl.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-mirror::Class* FieldHelper::GetType(bool resolve) {
-  uint32_t field_index = field_->GetDexFieldIndex();
-  if (UNLIKELY(field_->GetDeclaringClass()->IsProxyClass())) {
-    return Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindSystemClass(Thread::Current(),
-                                                                 field_->GetTypeDescriptor());
-  }
-  const DexFile* dex_file = field_->GetDexFile();
-  const DexFile::FieldId& field_id = dex_file->GetFieldId(field_index);
-  mirror::Class* type = field_->GetDexCache()->GetResolvedType(field_id.type_idx_);
-  if (resolve && (type == nullptr)) {
-    type = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(field_id.type_idx_, field_.Get());
-    CHECK(type != nullptr || Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
-  }
-  return type;
-}
-
-const char* FieldHelper::GetDeclaringClassDescriptor() {
-  return field_->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDescriptor(&declaring_class_descriptor_);
-}
-
-}  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/field_helper.h b/runtime/field_helper.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8097025..0000000
--- a/runtime/field_helper.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_FIELD_HELPER_H_
-#define ART_RUNTIME_FIELD_HELPER_H_
-
-#include "base/macros.h"
-#include "handle.h"
-#include "mirror/art_field.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-class FieldHelper {
- public:
-  explicit FieldHelper(Handle<mirror::ArtField> f) : field_(f) {}
-
-  mirror::ArtField* GetField() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return field_.Get();
-  }
-
-  mirror::Class* GetType(bool resolve = true) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
-  // The returned const char* is only guaranteed to be valid for the lifetime of the FieldHelper.
-  // If you need it longer, copy it into a std::string.
-  const char* GetDeclaringClassDescriptor() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
- private:
-  Handle<mirror::ArtField> field_;
-  std::string declaring_class_descriptor_;
-
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(FieldHelper);
-};
-
-}  // namespace art
-
-#endif  // ART_RUNTIME_FIELD_HELPER_H_
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.cc b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.cc
index b17f303..b04a18b 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.cc
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.cc
@@ -327,37 +327,31 @@
 // Clang 3.4 fails to build the goto interpreter implementation.
 static constexpr InterpreterImplKind kInterpreterImplKind = kSwitchImpl;
 template<bool do_access_check, bool transaction_active>
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl(Thread*, MethodHelper&, const DexFile::CodeItem*, ShadowFrame&, JValue) {
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl(Thread*, const DexFile::CodeItem*, ShadowFrame&, JValue) {
   LOG(FATAL) << "UNREACHABLE";
   UNREACHABLE();
 }
 // Explicit definitions of ExecuteGotoImpl.
 template<> SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<true, false>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                    const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<true, false>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                     ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 template<> SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<false, false>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                     const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<false, false>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                      ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 template<> SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<true, true>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                    const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<true, true>(Thread* self,  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+                                   ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
+template<> SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<false, true>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                     ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
-template<> SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<false, true>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                     const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
-                                     ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 #endif
 
-static JValue Execute(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
-                      ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register)
+static JValue Execute(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item, ShadowFrame& shadow_frame,
+                      JValue result_register)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-static inline JValue Execute(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+static inline JValue Execute(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                              ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register) {
-  DCHECK(shadow_frame.GetMethod() == mh.GetMethod() ||
-         shadow_frame.GetMethod()->GetDeclaringClass()->IsProxyClass());
   DCHECK(!shadow_frame.GetMethod()->IsAbstract());
   DCHECK(!shadow_frame.GetMethod()->IsNative());
   shadow_frame.GetMethod()->GetDeclaringClass()->AssertInitializedOrInitializingInThread(self);
@@ -367,32 +361,32 @@
     // Enter the "without access check" interpreter.
     if (kInterpreterImplKind == kSwitchImpl) {
       if (transaction_active) {
-        return ExecuteSwitchImpl<false, true>(self, mh, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
+        return ExecuteSwitchImpl<false, true>(self, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
       } else {
-        return ExecuteSwitchImpl<false, false>(self, mh, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
+        return ExecuteSwitchImpl<false, false>(self, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
       }
     } else {
       DCHECK_EQ(kInterpreterImplKind, kComputedGotoImplKind);
       if (transaction_active) {
-        return ExecuteGotoImpl<false, true>(self, mh, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
+        return ExecuteGotoImpl<false, true>(self, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
       } else {
-        return ExecuteGotoImpl<false, false>(self, mh, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
+        return ExecuteGotoImpl<false, false>(self, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
       }
     }
   } else {
     // Enter the "with access check" interpreter.
     if (kInterpreterImplKind == kSwitchImpl) {
       if (transaction_active) {
-        return ExecuteSwitchImpl<true, true>(self, mh, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
+        return ExecuteSwitchImpl<true, true>(self, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
       } else {
-        return ExecuteSwitchImpl<true, false>(self, mh, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
+        return ExecuteSwitchImpl<true, false>(self, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
       }
     } else {
       DCHECK_EQ(kInterpreterImplKind, kComputedGotoImplKind);
       if (transaction_active) {
-        return ExecuteGotoImpl<true, true>(self, mh, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
+        return ExecuteGotoImpl<true, true>(self, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
       } else {
-        return ExecuteGotoImpl<true, false>(self, mh, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
+        return ExecuteGotoImpl<true, false>(self, code_item, shadow_frame, result_register);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -473,9 +467,7 @@
     }
   }
   if (LIKELY(!method->IsNative())) {
-    StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-    MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(method));
-    JValue r = Execute(self, mh, code_item, *shadow_frame, JValue());
+    JValue r = Execute(self, code_item, *shadow_frame, JValue());
     if (result != NULL) {
       *result = r;
     }
@@ -500,10 +492,8 @@
   value.SetJ(ret_val->GetJ());  // Set value to last known result in case the shadow frame chain is empty.
   while (shadow_frame != NULL) {
     self->SetTopOfShadowStack(shadow_frame);
-    StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-    MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(shadow_frame->GetMethod()));
-    const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = mh.GetMethod()->GetCodeItem();
-    value = Execute(self, mh, code_item, *shadow_frame, value);
+    const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetCodeItem();
+    value = Execute(self, code_item, *shadow_frame, value);
     ShadowFrame* old_frame = shadow_frame;
     shadow_frame = shadow_frame->GetLink();
     delete old_frame;
@@ -511,8 +501,7 @@
   ret_val->SetJ(value.GetJ());
 }
 
-JValue EnterInterpreterFromEntryPoint(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                      const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue EnterInterpreterFromEntryPoint(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                       ShadowFrame* shadow_frame) {
   DCHECK_EQ(self, Thread::Current());
   bool implicit_check = !Runtime::Current()->ExplicitStackOverflowChecks();
@@ -521,11 +510,10 @@
     return JValue();
   }
 
-  return Execute(self, *mh, code_item, *shadow_frame, JValue());
+  return Execute(self, code_item, *shadow_frame, JValue());
 }
 
-extern "C" void artInterpreterToInterpreterBridge(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                                  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+extern "C" void artInterpreterToInterpreterBridge(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                                   ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result) {
   bool implicit_check = !Runtime::Current()->ExplicitStackOverflowChecks();
   if (UNLIKELY(__builtin_frame_address(0) < self->GetStackEndForInterpreter(implicit_check))) {
@@ -534,10 +522,10 @@
   }
 
   self->PushShadowFrame(shadow_frame);
-  DCHECK_EQ(shadow_frame->GetMethod(), mh->Get());
   // Ensure static methods are initialized.
-  if (mh->Get()->IsStatic()) {
-    mirror::Class* declaring_class = mh->Get()->GetDeclaringClass();
+  const bool is_static = shadow_frame->GetMethod()->IsStatic();
+  if (is_static) {
+    mirror::Class* declaring_class = shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetDeclaringClass();
     if (UNLIKELY(!declaring_class->IsInitialized())) {
       StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
       HandleWrapper<Class> h_declaring_class(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&declaring_class));
@@ -551,15 +539,15 @@
     }
   }
 
-  if (LIKELY(!mh->Get()->IsNative())) {
-    result->SetJ(Execute(self, *mh, code_item, *shadow_frame, JValue()).GetJ());
+  if (LIKELY(!shadow_frame->GetMethod()->IsNative())) {
+    result->SetJ(Execute(self, code_item, *shadow_frame, JValue()).GetJ());
   } else {
     // We don't expect to be asked to interpret native code (which is entered via a JNI compiler
     // generated stub) except during testing and image writing.
     CHECK(!Runtime::Current()->IsStarted());
-    Object* receiver = mh->Get()->IsStatic() ? nullptr : shadow_frame->GetVRegReference(0);
-    uint32_t* args = shadow_frame->GetVRegArgs(mh->Get()->IsStatic() ? 0 : 1);
-    UnstartedRuntimeJni(self, mh->Get(), receiver, args, result);
+    Object* receiver = is_static ? nullptr : shadow_frame->GetVRegReference(0);
+    uint32_t* args = shadow_frame->GetVRegArgs(is_static ? 0 : 1);
+    UnstartedRuntimeJni(self, shadow_frame->GetMethod(), receiver, args, result);
   }
 
   self->PopShadowFrame();
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.h b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.h
index d327a71..7d634b3 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.h
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter.h
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
 }  // namespace mirror
 
 union JValue;
-class MethodHelper;
 class ShadowFrame;
 class Thread;
 
@@ -42,21 +41,18 @@
                                            JValue* ret_val)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-extern JValue EnterInterpreterFromEntryPoint(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                             const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+extern JValue EnterInterpreterFromEntryPoint(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                              ShadowFrame* shadow_frame)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
 
 }  // namespace interpreter
 
-extern "C" void artInterpreterToInterpreterBridge(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                                  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+extern "C" void artInterpreterToInterpreterBridge(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                                   ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-extern "C" void artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                                   const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+extern "C" void artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                                    ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.cc b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.cc
index eb80c30..3c7db85 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.cc
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.cc
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include "interpreter_common.h"
 
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "mirror/array-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -267,8 +266,7 @@
           HandleWrapper<mirror::ArtField> h_f(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&f));
           HandleWrapper<mirror::Object> h_reg(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&reg));
           HandleWrapper<mirror::Object> h_obj(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&obj));
-          FieldHelper fh(h_f);
-          field_class = fh.GetType();
+          field_class = h_f->GetType(true);
         }
         if (!reg->VerifierInstanceOf(field_class)) {
           // This should never happen.
@@ -505,14 +503,14 @@
   return found_dex_pc;
 }
 
-void UnexpectedOpcode(const Instruction* inst, MethodHelper& mh) {
-  LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected instruction: " << inst->DumpString(mh.GetMethod()->GetDexFile());
-  exit(0);  // Unreachable, keep GCC happy.
+void UnexpectedOpcode(const Instruction* inst, const ShadowFrame& shadow_frame) {
+  LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected instruction: "
+             << inst->DumpString(shadow_frame.GetMethod()->GetDexFile());
+  UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
-static void UnstartedRuntimeInvoke(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                   const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item, ShadowFrame* shadow_frame,
-                                   JValue* result, size_t arg_offset)
+static void UnstartedRuntimeInvoke(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+                                   ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result, size_t arg_offset)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
 // Assign register 'src_reg' from shadow_frame to register 'dest_reg' into new_shadow_frame.
@@ -541,29 +539,28 @@
 }
 
 template<bool is_range, bool do_assignability_check>
-bool DoCall(ArtMethod* method, Thread* self, ShadowFrame& shadow_frame,
+bool DoCall(ArtMethod* called_method, Thread* self, ShadowFrame& shadow_frame,
             const Instruction* inst, uint16_t inst_data, JValue* result) {
   // Compute method information.
-  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = method->GetCodeItem();
+  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = called_method->GetCodeItem();
   const uint16_t num_ins = (is_range) ? inst->VRegA_3rc(inst_data) : inst->VRegA_35c(inst_data);
   uint16_t num_regs;
   if (LIKELY(code_item != NULL)) {
     num_regs = code_item->registers_size_;
     DCHECK_EQ(num_ins, code_item->ins_size_);
   } else {
-    DCHECK(method->IsNative() || method->IsProxyMethod());
+    DCHECK(called_method->IsNative() || called_method->IsProxyMethod());
     num_regs = num_ins;
   }
 
   // Allocate shadow frame on the stack.
   const char* old_cause = self->StartAssertNoThreadSuspension("DoCall");
   void* memory = alloca(ShadowFrame::ComputeSize(num_regs));
-  ShadowFrame* new_shadow_frame(ShadowFrame::Create(num_regs, &shadow_frame, method, 0, memory));
+  ShadowFrame* new_shadow_frame(ShadowFrame::Create(num_regs, &shadow_frame, called_method, 0,
+                                                    memory));
 
   // Initialize new shadow frame.
   const size_t first_dest_reg = num_regs - num_ins;
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-  MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(method));
   if (do_assignability_check) {
     // Slow path.
     // We might need to do class loading, which incurs a thread state change to kNative. So
@@ -573,11 +570,12 @@
 
     // We need to do runtime check on reference assignment. We need to load the shorty
     // to get the exact type of each reference argument.
-    const DexFile::TypeList* params = mh.Get()->GetParameterTypeList();
+    const DexFile::TypeList* params = new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetParameterTypeList();
     uint32_t shorty_len = 0;
-    const char* shorty = mh.Get()->GetShorty(&shorty_len);
+    const char* shorty = new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetShorty(&shorty_len);
 
-    // TODO: find a cleaner way to separate non-range and range information without duplicating code.
+    // TODO: find a cleaner way to separate non-range and range information without duplicating
+    //       code.
     uint32_t arg[5];  // only used in invoke-XXX.
     uint32_t vregC;   // only used in invoke-XXX-range.
     if (is_range) {
@@ -589,7 +587,7 @@
     // Handle receiver apart since it's not part of the shorty.
     size_t dest_reg = first_dest_reg;
     size_t arg_offset = 0;
-    if (!mh.Get()->IsStatic()) {
+    if (!new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->IsStatic()) {
       size_t receiver_reg = is_range ? vregC : arg[0];
       new_shadow_frame->SetVRegReference(dest_reg, shadow_frame.GetVRegReference(receiver_reg));
       ++dest_reg;
@@ -602,7 +600,9 @@
         case 'L': {
           Object* o = shadow_frame.GetVRegReference(src_reg);
           if (do_assignability_check && o != NULL) {
-            Class* arg_type = mh.GetClassFromTypeIdx(params->GetTypeItem(shorty_pos).type_idx_);
+            Class* arg_type =
+                new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetClassFromTypeIndex(
+                    params->GetTypeItem(shorty_pos).type_idx_, true);
             if (arg_type == NULL) {
               CHECK(self->IsExceptionPending());
               return false;
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@
               self->ThrowNewExceptionF(self->GetCurrentLocationForThrow(),
                                        "Ljava/lang/VirtualMachineError;",
                                        "Invoking %s with bad arg %d, type '%s' not instance of '%s'",
-                                       mh.Get()->GetName(), shorty_pos,
+                                       new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetName(), shorty_pos,
                                        o->GetClass()->GetDescriptor(&temp1),
                                        arg_type->GetDescriptor(&temp2));
               return false;
@@ -650,7 +650,8 @@
       uint16_t regList = inst->Fetch16(2);
       uint16_t count = num_ins;
       if (count == 5) {
-        AssignRegister(new_shadow_frame, shadow_frame, first_dest_reg + 4U, (inst_data >> 8) & 0x0f);
+        AssignRegister(new_shadow_frame, shadow_frame, first_dest_reg + 4U,
+                       (inst_data >> 8) & 0x0f);
         --count;
        }
       for (size_t arg_index = 0; arg_index < count; ++arg_index, regList >>= 4) {
@@ -662,17 +663,24 @@
 
   // Do the call now.
   if (LIKELY(Runtime::Current()->IsStarted())) {
-    if (kIsDebugBuild && mh.Get()->GetEntryPointFromInterpreter() == nullptr) {
-      LOG(FATAL) << "Attempt to invoke non-executable method: " << PrettyMethod(mh.Get());
+    if (kIsDebugBuild && new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetEntryPointFromInterpreter() == nullptr) {
+      LOG(FATAL) << "Attempt to invoke non-executable method: "
+          << PrettyMethod(new_shadow_frame->GetMethod());
+      UNREACHABLE();
     }
     if (kIsDebugBuild && Runtime::Current()->GetInstrumentation()->IsForcedInterpretOnly() &&
-        !mh.Get()->IsNative() && !mh.Get()->IsProxyMethod() &&
-        mh.Get()->GetEntryPointFromInterpreter() == artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge) {
-      LOG(FATAL) << "Attempt to call compiled code when -Xint: " << PrettyMethod(mh.Get());
+        !new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->IsNative() &&
+        !new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->IsProxyMethod() &&
+        new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetEntryPointFromInterpreter()
+            == artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge) {
+      LOG(FATAL) << "Attempt to call compiled code when -Xint: "
+          << PrettyMethod(new_shadow_frame->GetMethod());
+      UNREACHABLE();
     }
-    (mh.Get()->GetEntryPointFromInterpreter())(self, &mh, code_item, new_shadow_frame, result);
+    (new_shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetEntryPointFromInterpreter())(self, code_item,
+                                                                    new_shadow_frame, result);
   } else {
-    UnstartedRuntimeInvoke(self, &mh, code_item, new_shadow_frame, result, first_dest_reg);
+    UnstartedRuntimeInvoke(self, code_item, new_shadow_frame, result, first_dest_reg);
   }
   return !self->IsExceptionPending();
 }
@@ -813,8 +821,8 @@
   result->SetL(found);
 }
 
-static void UnstartedRuntimeInvoke(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-                                   const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item, ShadowFrame* shadow_frame,
+static void UnstartedRuntimeInvoke(Thread* self,  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+                                   ShadowFrame* shadow_frame,
                                    JValue* result, size_t arg_offset) {
   // In a runtime that's not started we intercept certain methods to avoid complicated dependency
   // problems in core libraries.
@@ -934,7 +942,7 @@
     }
   } else {
     // Not special, continue with regular interpreter execution.
-    artInterpreterToInterpreterBridge(self, mh, code_item, shadow_frame, result);
+    artInterpreterToInterpreterBridge(self, code_item, shadow_frame, result);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h
index f88d56a..ce7c1c3 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_common.h
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
 #include "entrypoints/entrypoint_utils-inl.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
-#include "method_helper-inl.h"
 #include "nth_caller_visitor.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method.h"
@@ -70,13 +69,11 @@
 // External references to both interpreter implementations.
 
 template<bool do_access_check, bool transaction_active>
-extern JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+extern JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                 ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 
 template<bool do_access_check, bool transaction_active>
-extern JValue ExecuteGotoImpl(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                              const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+extern JValue ExecuteGotoImpl(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                               ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 
 void ThrowNullPointerExceptionFromInterpreter(const ShadowFrame& shadow_frame)
@@ -100,7 +97,7 @@
 // DoInvokeVirtualQuick functions.
 // Returns true on success, otherwise throws an exception and returns false.
 template<bool is_range, bool do_assignability_check>
-bool DoCall(ArtMethod* method, Thread* self, ShadowFrame& shadow_frame,
+bool DoCall(ArtMethod* called_method, Thread* self, ShadowFrame& shadow_frame,
             const Instruction* inst, uint16_t inst_data, JValue* result);
 
 // Handles invoke-XXX/range instructions.
@@ -112,19 +109,20 @@
   const uint32_t vregC = (is_range) ? inst->VRegC_3rc() : inst->VRegC_35c();
   Object* receiver = (type == kStatic) ? nullptr : shadow_frame.GetVRegReference(vregC);
   mirror::ArtMethod* sf_method = shadow_frame.GetMethod();
-  ArtMethod* const method = FindMethodFromCode<type, do_access_check>(
+  ArtMethod* const called_method = FindMethodFromCode<type, do_access_check>(
       method_idx, &receiver, &sf_method, self);
   // The shadow frame should already be pushed, so we don't need to update it.
-  if (UNLIKELY(method == nullptr)) {
+  if (UNLIKELY(called_method == nullptr)) {
     CHECK(self->IsExceptionPending());
     result->SetJ(0);
     return false;
-  } else if (UNLIKELY(method->IsAbstract())) {
-    ThrowAbstractMethodError(method);
+  } else if (UNLIKELY(called_method->IsAbstract())) {
+    ThrowAbstractMethodError(called_method);
     result->SetJ(0);
     return false;
   } else {
-    return DoCall<is_range, do_access_check>(method, self, shadow_frame, inst, inst_data, result);
+    return DoCall<is_range, do_access_check>(called_method, self, shadow_frame, inst, inst_data,
+                                             result);
   }
 }
 
@@ -144,18 +142,18 @@
   }
   const uint32_t vtable_idx = (is_range) ? inst->VRegB_3rc() : inst->VRegB_35c();
   CHECK(receiver->GetClass()->ShouldHaveEmbeddedImtAndVTable());
-  ArtMethod* const method = receiver->GetClass()->GetEmbeddedVTableEntry(vtable_idx);
-  if (UNLIKELY(method == nullptr)) {
+  ArtMethod* const called_method = receiver->GetClass()->GetEmbeddedVTableEntry(vtable_idx);
+  if (UNLIKELY(called_method == nullptr)) {
     CHECK(self->IsExceptionPending());
     result->SetJ(0);
     return false;
-  } else if (UNLIKELY(method->IsAbstract())) {
-    ThrowAbstractMethodError(method);
+  } else if (UNLIKELY(called_method->IsAbstract())) {
+    ThrowAbstractMethodError(called_method);
     result->SetJ(0);
     return false;
   } else {
     // No need to check since we've been quickened.
-    return DoCall<is_range, false>(method, self, shadow_frame, inst, inst_data, result);
+    return DoCall<is_range, false>(called_method, self, shadow_frame, inst, inst_data, result);
   }
 }
 
@@ -351,12 +349,12 @@
     uint32_t dex_pc, const instrumentation::Instrumentation* instrumentation)
         SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-void UnexpectedOpcode(const Instruction* inst, MethodHelper& mh)
+void UnexpectedOpcode(const Instruction* inst, const ShadowFrame& shadow_frame)
   __attribute__((cold, noreturn))
   SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
 static inline void TraceExecution(const ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, const Instruction* inst,
-                                  const uint32_t dex_pc, MethodHelper& mh)
+                                  const uint32_t dex_pc)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   constexpr bool kTracing = false;
   if (kTracing) {
@@ -364,7 +362,7 @@
     std::ostringstream oss;
     oss << PrettyMethod(shadow_frame.GetMethod())
         << StringPrintf("\n0x%x: ", dex_pc)
-        << inst->DumpString(mh.GetMethod()->GetDexFile()) << "\n";
+        << inst->DumpString(shadow_frame.GetMethod()->GetDexFile()) << "\n";
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < shadow_frame.NumberOfVRegs(); ++i) {
       uint32_t raw_value = shadow_frame.GetVReg(i);
       Object* ref_value = shadow_frame.GetVRegReference(i);
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_goto_table_impl.cc b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_goto_table_impl.cc
index 6350c56..c332a7b 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_goto_table_impl.cc
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_goto_table_impl.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@
 // - "inst_data" : the current instruction's first 16 bits.
 // - "dex_pc": the current pc.
 // - "shadow_frame": the current shadow frame.
-// - "mh": the current MethodHelper.
 // - "currentHandlersTable": the current table of pointer to each instruction handler.
 
 // Advance to the next instruction and updates interpreter state.
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@
     inst = inst->RelativeAt(disp);                                          \
     dex_pc = static_cast<uint32_t>(static_cast<int32_t>(dex_pc) + disp);    \
     shadow_frame.SetDexPC(dex_pc);                                          \
-    TraceExecution(shadow_frame, inst, dex_pc, mh);                         \
+    TraceExecution(shadow_frame, inst, dex_pc);                             \
     inst_data = inst->Fetch16(0);                                           \
     goto *currentHandlersTable[inst->Opcode(inst_data)];                    \
   } while (false)
@@ -59,6 +58,7 @@
   do {                                          \
     if (kIsDebugBuild) {                        \
       LOG(FATAL) << "We should not be here !";  \
+      UNREACHABLE();                            \
     }                                           \
   } while (false)
 
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@
  *
  */
 template<bool do_access_check, bool transaction_active>
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
-                       ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register) {
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item, ShadowFrame& shadow_frame,
+                       JValue result_register) {
   // Define handler tables:
   // - The main handler table contains execution handlers for each instruction.
   // - The alternative handler table contains prelude handlers which check for thread suspend and
@@ -2279,103 +2279,103 @@
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_3E)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_3F)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_40)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_41)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_42)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_43)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_79)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_7A)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_EF)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F0)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F1)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F2)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F3)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F4)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F5)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F6)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F7)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F8)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_F9)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_FA)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_FB)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_FC)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_FD)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_FE)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_START(UNUSED_FF)
-    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+    UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
   HANDLE_INSTRUCTION_END();
 
   exception_pending_label: {
@@ -2430,21 +2430,17 @@
 
 // Explicit definitions of ExecuteGotoImpl.
 template SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) HOT_ATTR
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<true, false>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                    const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<true, false>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                     ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 template SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) HOT_ATTR
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<false, false>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                     const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<false, false>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                      ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 template SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<true, true>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                    const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<true, true>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+                                   ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
+template SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
+JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<false, true>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                     ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
-template SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-JValue ExecuteGotoImpl<false, true>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                     const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
-                                     ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 
 }  // namespace interpreter
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_switch_impl.cc b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_switch_impl.cc
index 1b6f53e..f9bbfa1 100644
--- a/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_switch_impl.cc
+++ b/runtime/interpreter/interpreter_switch_impl.cc
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
   } while (false)
 
 template<bool do_access_check, bool transaction_active>
-JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                          ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register) {
   bool do_assignability_check = do_access_check;
   if (UNLIKELY(!shadow_frame.HasReferenceArray())) {
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
   while (true) {
     dex_pc = inst->GetDexPc(insns);
     shadow_frame.SetDexPC(dex_pc);
-    TraceExecution(shadow_frame, inst, dex_pc, mh);
+    TraceExecution(shadow_frame, inst, dex_pc);
     inst_data = inst->Fetch16(0);
     switch (inst->Opcode(inst_data)) {
       case Instruction::NOP:
@@ -2140,27 +2140,23 @@
       case Instruction::UNUSED_EF ... Instruction::UNUSED_FF:
       case Instruction::UNUSED_79:
       case Instruction::UNUSED_7A:
-        UnexpectedOpcode(inst, mh);
+        UnexpectedOpcode(inst, shadow_frame);
     }
   }
 }  // NOLINT(readability/fn_size)
 
 // Explicit definitions of ExecuteSwitchImpl.
 template SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) HOT_ATTR
-JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl<true, false>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                      const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl<true, false>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                       ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 template SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) HOT_ATTR
-JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl<false, false>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                       const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl<false, false>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                        ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 template SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl<true, true>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                     const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl<true, true>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                      ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 template SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
-JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl<false, true>(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                      const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+JValue ExecuteSwitchImpl<false, true>(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
                                       ShadowFrame& shadow_frame, JValue result_register);
 
 }  // namespace interpreter
diff --git a/runtime/method_helper-inl.h b/runtime/method_helper-inl.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 7a7949e..0000000
--- a/runtime/method_helper-inl.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_METHOD_HELPER_INL_H_
-#define ART_RUNTIME_METHOD_HELPER_INL_H_
-
-#include "method_helper.h"
-
-#include "class_linker.h"
-#include "mirror/object_array.h"
-#include "runtime.h"
-#include "thread-inl.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-template <template <class T> class HandleKind>
-template <template <class T2> class HandleKind2>
-inline bool MethodHelperT<HandleKind>::HasSameNameAndSignature(MethodHelperT<HandleKind2>* other) {
-  const DexFile* dex_file = method_->GetDexFile();
-  const DexFile::MethodId& mid = dex_file->GetMethodId(GetMethod()->GetDexMethodIndex());
-  if (method_->GetDexCache() == other->method_->GetDexCache()) {
-    const DexFile::MethodId& other_mid =
-        dex_file->GetMethodId(other->GetMethod()->GetDexMethodIndex());
-    return mid.name_idx_ == other_mid.name_idx_ && mid.proto_idx_ == other_mid.proto_idx_;
-  }
-  const DexFile* other_dex_file = other->method_->GetDexFile();
-  const DexFile::MethodId& other_mid =
-      other_dex_file->GetMethodId(other->GetMethod()->GetDexMethodIndex());
-  if (!DexFileStringEquals(dex_file, mid.name_idx_, other_dex_file, other_mid.name_idx_)) {
-    return false;  // Name mismatch.
-  }
-  return dex_file->GetMethodSignature(mid) == other_dex_file->GetMethodSignature(other_mid);
-}
-
-template <template <class T> class HandleKind>
-inline mirror::Class* MethodHelperT<HandleKind>::GetClassFromTypeIdx(uint16_t type_idx,
-                                                                     bool resolve) {
-  mirror::ArtMethod* method = GetMethod();
-  mirror::Class* type = method->GetDexCacheResolvedType(type_idx);
-  if (type == nullptr && resolve) {
-    type = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(type_idx, method);
-    CHECK(type != nullptr || Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
-  }
-  return type;
-}
-
-}  // namespace art
-
-#endif  // ART_RUNTIME_METHOD_HELPER_INL_H_
diff --git a/runtime/method_helper.cc b/runtime/method_helper.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 81e1794..0000000
--- a/runtime/method_helper.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "method_helper-inl.h"
-
-#include "class_linker.h"
-#include "dex_file-inl.h"
-#include "handle_scope-inl.h"
-#include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
-#include "mirror/dex_cache.h"
-#include "runtime.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-template <template <class T> class HandleKind>
-template <template <class T2> class HandleKind2>
-bool MethodHelperT<HandleKind>::HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders(Thread* self,
-    MethodHelperT<HandleKind2>* other) {
-  {
-    StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-    Handle<mirror::Class> return_type(hs.NewHandle(GetMethod()->GetReturnType()));
-    if (UNLIKELY(other->GetMethod()->GetReturnType() != return_type.Get())) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  const DexFile::TypeList* types = method_->GetParameterTypeList();
-  const DexFile::TypeList* other_types = other->method_->GetParameterTypeList();
-  if (types == nullptr) {
-    return (other_types == nullptr) || (other_types->Size() == 0);
-  } else if (UNLIKELY(other_types == nullptr)) {
-    return types->Size() == 0;
-  }
-  uint32_t num_types = types->Size();
-  if (UNLIKELY(num_types != other_types->Size())) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_types; ++i) {
-    mirror::Class* param_type = GetClassFromTypeIdx(types->GetTypeItem(i).type_idx_);
-    mirror::Class* other_param_type =
-        other->GetClassFromTypeIdx(other_types->GetTypeItem(i).type_idx_);
-    if (UNLIKELY(param_type != other_param_type)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-template <template <class T> class HandleKind>
-uint32_t MethodHelperT<HandleKind>::FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(const DexFile& other_dexfile)
-    SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  mirror::ArtMethod* method = GetMethod();
-  const DexFile* dexfile = method->GetDexFile();
-  if (dexfile == &other_dexfile) {
-    return method->GetDexMethodIndex();
-  }
-  const DexFile::MethodId& mid = dexfile->GetMethodId(method->GetDexMethodIndex());
-  const char* mid_declaring_class_descriptor = dexfile->StringByTypeIdx(mid.class_idx_);
-  const DexFile::StringId* other_descriptor =
-      other_dexfile.FindStringId(mid_declaring_class_descriptor);
-  if (other_descriptor != nullptr) {
-    const DexFile::TypeId* other_type_id =
-        other_dexfile.FindTypeId(other_dexfile.GetIndexForStringId(*other_descriptor));
-    if (other_type_id != nullptr) {
-      const char* mid_name = dexfile->GetMethodName(mid);
-      const DexFile::StringId* other_name = other_dexfile.FindStringId(mid_name);
-      if (other_name != nullptr) {
-        uint16_t other_return_type_idx;
-        std::vector<uint16_t> other_param_type_idxs;
-        bool success = other_dexfile.CreateTypeList(
-            dexfile->GetMethodSignature(mid).ToString(), &other_return_type_idx,
-            &other_param_type_idxs);
-        if (success) {
-          const DexFile::ProtoId* other_sig =
-              other_dexfile.FindProtoId(other_return_type_idx, other_param_type_idxs);
-          if (other_sig != nullptr) {
-            const  DexFile::MethodId* other_mid = other_dexfile.FindMethodId(
-                *other_type_id, *other_name, *other_sig);
-            if (other_mid != nullptr) {
-              return other_dexfile.GetIndexForMethodId(*other_mid);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return DexFile::kDexNoIndex;
-}
-
-template <template <typename> class HandleKind>
-uint32_t MethodHelperT<HandleKind>::FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(
-    const DexFile& other_dexfile, uint32_t name_and_signature_idx)
-    SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  mirror::ArtMethod* method = GetMethod();
-  const DexFile* dexfile = method->GetDexFile();
-  const uint32_t dex_method_idx = method->GetDexMethodIndex();
-  const DexFile::MethodId& mid = dexfile->GetMethodId(dex_method_idx);
-  const DexFile::MethodId& name_and_sig_mid = other_dexfile.GetMethodId(name_and_signature_idx);
-  DCHECK_STREQ(dexfile->GetMethodName(mid), other_dexfile.GetMethodName(name_and_sig_mid));
-  DCHECK_EQ(dexfile->GetMethodSignature(mid), other_dexfile.GetMethodSignature(name_and_sig_mid));
-  if (dexfile == &other_dexfile) {
-    return dex_method_idx;
-  }
-  const char* mid_declaring_class_descriptor = dexfile->StringByTypeIdx(mid.class_idx_);
-  const DexFile::StringId* other_descriptor =
-      other_dexfile.FindStringId(mid_declaring_class_descriptor);
-  if (other_descriptor != nullptr) {
-    const DexFile::TypeId* other_type_id =
-        other_dexfile.FindTypeId(other_dexfile.GetIndexForStringId(*other_descriptor));
-    if (other_type_id != nullptr) {
-      const DexFile::MethodId* other_mid = other_dexfile.FindMethodId(
-          *other_type_id, other_dexfile.GetStringId(name_and_sig_mid.name_idx_),
-          other_dexfile.GetProtoId(name_and_sig_mid.proto_idx_));
-      if (other_mid != nullptr) {
-        return other_dexfile.GetIndexForMethodId(*other_mid);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return DexFile::kDexNoIndex;
-}
-
-// Instantiate methods.
-template
-uint32_t MethodHelperT<Handle>::FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(const DexFile& other_dexfile);
-template
-uint32_t MethodHelperT<MutableHandle>::FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(
-    const DexFile& other_dexfile);
-
-template
-uint32_t MethodHelperT<Handle>::FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(const DexFile& other_dexfile,
-                                                                 uint32_t name_and_signature_idx);
-template
-uint32_t MethodHelperT<MutableHandle>::FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(
-    const DexFile& other_dexfile, uint32_t name_and_signature_idx);
-
-template
-bool MethodHelperT<Handle>::HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders<Handle>(Thread* self,
-    MethodHelperT<Handle>* other);
-
-template
-bool MethodHelperT<Handle>::HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders<MutableHandle>(Thread* self,
-    MethodHelperT<MutableHandle>* other);
-
-template
-bool MethodHelperT<MutableHandle>::HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders<Handle>(Thread* self,
-    MethodHelperT<Handle>* other);
-
-template
-bool MethodHelperT<MutableHandle>::HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders<MutableHandle>(
-    Thread* self, MethodHelperT<MutableHandle>* other);
-
-}  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/method_helper.h b/runtime/method_helper.h
deleted file mode 100644
index dc305d5..0000000
--- a/runtime/method_helper.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_METHOD_HELPER_H_
-#define ART_RUNTIME_METHOD_HELPER_H_
-
-#include "base/macros.h"
-#include "handle.h"
-#include "mirror/art_method.h"
-#include "primitive.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-template <template <class T> class HandleKind>
-class MethodHelperT {
- public:
-  explicit MethodHelperT(HandleKind<mirror::ArtMethod> m)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) : method_(m), shorty_(nullptr), shorty_len_(0) {
-  }
-
-  mirror::ArtMethod* GetMethod() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return method_->GetInterfaceMethodIfProxy();
-  }
-
-  // GetMethod() != Get() for proxy methods.
-  mirror::ArtMethod* Get() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return method_.Get();
-  }
-
-  const char* GetShorty() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    const char* result = shorty_;
-    if (result == nullptr) {
-      result = method_->GetShorty(&shorty_len_);
-      shorty_ = result;
-    }
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  uint32_t GetShortyLength() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    if (shorty_ == nullptr) {
-      GetShorty();
-    }
-    return shorty_len_;
-  }
-
-  // Counts the number of references in the parameter list of the corresponding method.
-  // Note: Thus does _not_ include "this" for non-static methods.
-  uint32_t GetNumberOfReferenceArgsWithoutReceiver() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    const char* shorty = GetShorty();
-    uint32_t refs = 0;
-    for (uint32_t i = 1; i < shorty_len_ ; ++i) {
-      if (shorty[i] == 'L') {
-        refs++;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return refs;
-  }
-
-  size_t NumArgs() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    // "1 +" because the first in Args is the receiver.
-    // "- 1" because we don't count the return type.
-    return (method_->IsStatic() ? 0 : 1) + GetShortyLength() - 1;
-  }
-
-  // Get the primitive type associated with the given parameter.
-  Primitive::Type GetParamPrimitiveType(size_t param) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    CHECK_LT(param, NumArgs());
-    if (GetMethod()->IsStatic()) {
-      param++;  // 0th argument must skip return value at start of the shorty
-    } else if (param == 0) {
-      return Primitive::kPrimNot;
-    }
-    return Primitive::GetType(GetShorty()[param]);
-  }
-
-  // Is the specified parameter a long or double, where parameter 0 is 'this' for instance methods.
-  bool IsParamALongOrDouble(size_t param) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    Primitive::Type type = GetParamPrimitiveType(param);
-    return type == Primitive::kPrimLong || type == Primitive::kPrimDouble;
-  }
-
-  // Is the specified parameter a reference, where parameter 0 is 'this' for instance methods.
-  bool IsParamAReference(size_t param) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return GetParamPrimitiveType(param) == Primitive::kPrimNot;
-  }
-
-  template <template <class T> class HandleKind2>
-  ALWAYS_INLINE bool HasSameNameAndSignature(MethodHelperT<HandleKind2>* other)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
-  template <template <class T> class HandleKind2>
-  bool HasSameSignatureWithDifferentClassLoaders(Thread* self, MethodHelperT<HandleKind2>* other)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
-  mirror::Class* GetClassFromTypeIdx(uint16_t type_idx, bool resolve = true)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
-  uint32_t FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(const DexFile& other_dexfile)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
-  // The name_and_signature_idx MUST point to a MethodId with the same name and signature in the
-  // other_dexfile, such as the method index used to resolve this method in the other_dexfile.
-  uint32_t FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(const DexFile& other_dexfile,
-                                            uint32_t name_and_signature_idx)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-
- protected:
-  HandleKind<mirror::ArtMethod> method_;
-
-  const char* shorty_;
-  uint32_t shorty_len_;
-
- private:
-  template <template <class T2> class HandleKind2> friend class MethodHelperT;
-
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MethodHelperT);
-};
-
-class MethodHelper : public MethodHelperT<Handle> {
-  using MethodHelperT<Handle>::MethodHelperT;
- private:
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MethodHelper);
-};
-
-class MutableMethodHelper : public MethodHelperT<MutableHandle> {
-  using MethodHelperT<MutableHandle>::MethodHelperT;
- public:
-  void ChangeMethod(mirror::ArtMethod* new_m) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    DCHECK(new_m != nullptr);
-    SetMethod(new_m);
-    shorty_ = nullptr;
-  }
-
- private:
-  // Set the method_ field, for proxy methods looking up the interface method via the resolved
-  // methods table.
-  void SetMethod(mirror::ArtMethod* method) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    method_.Assign(method);
-  }
-
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MutableMethodHelper);
-};
-
-}  // namespace art
-
-#endif  // ART_RUNTIME_METHOD_HELPER_H_
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/art_field-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/art_field-inl.h
index 03425cc..2b406bd 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/art_field-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/art_field-inl.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "art_field.h"
 
 #include "base/logging.h"
+#include "class_linker.h"
 #include "dex_cache.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
 #include "jvalue.h"
@@ -289,6 +290,22 @@
   return GetTypeAsPrimitiveType() != Primitive::kPrimNot;
 }
 
+inline Class* ArtField::GetType(bool resolve) {
+  uint32_t field_index = GetDexFieldIndex();
+  if (UNLIKELY(GetDeclaringClass()->IsProxyClass())) {
+    return Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindSystemClass(Thread::Current(),
+                                                                 GetTypeDescriptor());
+  }
+  const DexFile* dex_file = GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile::FieldId& field_id = dex_file->GetFieldId(field_index);
+  mirror::Class* type = GetDexCache()->GetResolvedType(field_id.type_idx_);
+  if (resolve && (type == nullptr)) {
+    type = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(field_id.type_idx_, this);
+    CHECK(type != nullptr || Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
+  }
+  return type;
+}
+
 inline size_t ArtField::FieldSize() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   return Primitive::ComponentSize(GetTypeAsPrimitiveType());
 }
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/art_field.h b/runtime/mirror/art_field.h
index 50299b6..a1d8844 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/art_field.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/art_field.h
@@ -161,6 +161,8 @@
 
   bool IsPrimitiveType() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  Class* GetType(bool resolve) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   size_t FieldSize() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   mirror::DexCache* GetDexCache() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/art_method-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/art_method-inl.h
index 22d55e2..c29276a 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/art_method-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/art_method-inl.h
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include "class_linker.h"
 #include "dex_cache.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
-#include "method_helper.h"
 #include "object-inl.h"
 #include "object_array.h"
 #include "oat.h"
@@ -141,6 +140,15 @@
   return GetDexCacheResolvedTypes() == other->GetDexCacheResolvedTypes();
 }
 
+inline mirror::Class* ArtMethod::GetClassFromTypeIndex(uint16_t type_idx, bool resolve) {
+  mirror::Class* type = GetDexCacheResolvedType(type_idx);
+  if (type == nullptr && resolve) {
+    type = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->ResolveType(type_idx, this);
+    CHECK(type != nullptr || Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
+  }
+  return type;
+}
+
 inline uint32_t ArtMethod::GetCodeSize() {
   DCHECK(!IsRuntimeMethod() && !IsProxyMethod()) << PrettyMethod(this);
   const void* code = EntryPointToCodePointer(GetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode());
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/art_method.cc b/runtime/mirror/art_method.cc
index 4f5ca3f..1729686 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/art_method.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/art_method.cc
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
 #include "interpreter/interpreter.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mapping_table.h"
-#include "method_helper-inl.h"
 #include "object_array-inl.h"
 #include "object_array.h"
 #include "object-inl.h"
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@
 
 void ArtMethod::SetClass(Class* java_lang_reflect_ArtMethod) {
   CHECK(java_lang_reflect_ArtMethod_.IsNull());
-  CHECK(java_lang_reflect_ArtMethod != NULL);
+  CHECK(java_lang_reflect_ArtMethod != nullptr);
   java_lang_reflect_ArtMethod_ = GcRoot<Class>(java_lang_reflect_ArtMethod);
 }
 
@@ -116,14 +115,31 @@
   return num_registers;
 }
 
+static bool HasSameNameAndSignature(ArtMethod* method1, ArtMethod* method2)
+    SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  ScopedAssertNoThreadSuspension ants(Thread::Current(), "HasSameNameAndSignature");
+  const DexFile* dex_file = method1->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile::MethodId& mid = dex_file->GetMethodId(method1->GetDexMethodIndex());
+  if (method1->GetDexCache() == method2->GetDexCache()) {
+    const DexFile::MethodId& mid2 = dex_file->GetMethodId(method2->GetDexMethodIndex());
+    return mid.name_idx_ == mid2.name_idx_ && mid.proto_idx_ == mid2.proto_idx_;
+  }
+  const DexFile* dex_file2 = method2->GetDexFile();
+  const DexFile::MethodId& mid2 = dex_file2->GetMethodId(method2->GetDexMethodIndex());
+  if (!DexFileStringEquals(dex_file, mid.name_idx_, dex_file2, mid2.name_idx_)) {
+    return false;  // Name mismatch.
+  }
+  return dex_file->GetMethodSignature(mid) == dex_file2->GetMethodSignature(mid2);
+}
+
 ArtMethod* ArtMethod::FindOverriddenMethod() {
   if (IsStatic()) {
-    return NULL;
+    return nullptr;
   }
   Class* declaring_class = GetDeclaringClass();
   Class* super_class = declaring_class->GetSuperClass();
   uint16_t method_index = GetMethodIndex();
-  ArtMethod* result = NULL;
+  ArtMethod* result = nullptr;
   // Did this method override a super class method? If so load the result from the super class'
   // vtable
   if (super_class->HasVTable() && method_index < super_class->GetVTableLength()) {
@@ -135,16 +151,13 @@
       CHECK_EQ(result,
                Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->FindMethodForProxy(GetDeclaringClass(), this));
     } else {
-      StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
-      MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(this));
-      MutableMethodHelper interface_mh(hs.NewHandle<mirror::ArtMethod>(nullptr));
       IfTable* iftable = GetDeclaringClass()->GetIfTable();
-      for (size_t i = 0; i < iftable->Count() && result == NULL; i++) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < iftable->Count() && result == nullptr; i++) {
         Class* interface = iftable->GetInterface(i);
         for (size_t j = 0; j < interface->NumVirtualMethods(); ++j) {
-          interface_mh.ChangeMethod(interface->GetVirtualMethod(j));
-          if (mh.HasSameNameAndSignature(&interface_mh)) {
-            result = interface_mh.GetMethod();
+          mirror::ArtMethod* interface_method = interface->GetVirtualMethod(j);
+          if (HasSameNameAndSignature(this, interface_method)) {
+            result = interface_method;
             break;
           }
         }
@@ -152,14 +165,40 @@
     }
   }
   if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-    StackHandleScope<2> hs(Thread::Current());
-    MethodHelper result_mh(hs.NewHandle(result));
-    MethodHelper this_mh(hs.NewHandle(this));
-    DCHECK(result == nullptr || this_mh.HasSameNameAndSignature(&result_mh));
+    DCHECK(result == nullptr || HasSameNameAndSignature(this, result));
   }
   return result;
 }
 
+uint32_t ArtMethod::FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(const DexFile& other_dexfile,
+                                                     uint32_t name_and_signature_idx) {
+  const DexFile* dexfile = GetDexFile();
+  const uint32_t dex_method_idx = GetDexMethodIndex();
+  const DexFile::MethodId& mid = dexfile->GetMethodId(dex_method_idx);
+  const DexFile::MethodId& name_and_sig_mid = other_dexfile.GetMethodId(name_and_signature_idx);
+  DCHECK_STREQ(dexfile->GetMethodName(mid), other_dexfile.GetMethodName(name_and_sig_mid));
+  DCHECK_EQ(dexfile->GetMethodSignature(mid), other_dexfile.GetMethodSignature(name_and_sig_mid));
+  if (dexfile == &other_dexfile) {
+    return dex_method_idx;
+  }
+  const char* mid_declaring_class_descriptor = dexfile->StringByTypeIdx(mid.class_idx_);
+  const DexFile::StringId* other_descriptor =
+      other_dexfile.FindStringId(mid_declaring_class_descriptor);
+  if (other_descriptor != nullptr) {
+    const DexFile::TypeId* other_type_id =
+        other_dexfile.FindTypeId(other_dexfile.GetIndexForStringId(*other_descriptor));
+    if (other_type_id != nullptr) {
+      const DexFile::MethodId* other_mid = other_dexfile.FindMethodId(
+          *other_type_id, other_dexfile.GetStringId(name_and_sig_mid.name_idx_),
+          other_dexfile.GetProtoId(name_and_sig_mid.proto_idx_));
+      if (other_mid != nullptr) {
+        return other_dexfile.GetIndexForMethodId(*other_mid);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return DexFile::kDexNoIndex;
+}
+
 uint32_t ArtMethod::ToDexPc(const uintptr_t pc, bool abort_on_failure) {
   if (IsPortableCompiled()) {
     // Portable doesn't use the machine pc, we just use dex pc instead.
@@ -228,7 +267,6 @@
 
 uint32_t ArtMethod::FindCatchBlock(Handle<ArtMethod> h_this, Handle<Class> exception_type,
                                    uint32_t dex_pc, bool* has_no_move_exception) {
-  MethodHelper mh(h_this);
   const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item = h_this->GetCodeItem();
   // Set aside the exception while we resolve its type.
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
@@ -248,7 +286,7 @@
       break;
     }
     // Does this catch exception type apply?
-    Class* iter_exception_type = mh.GetClassFromTypeIdx(iter_type_idx);
+    Class* iter_exception_type = h_this->GetClassFromTypeIndex(iter_type_idx, true);
     if (UNLIKELY(iter_exception_type == nullptr)) {
       // Now have a NoClassDefFoundError as exception. Ignore in case the exception class was
       // removed by a pro-guard like tool.
@@ -420,7 +458,7 @@
       }
     } else {
       LOG(INFO) << "Not invoking '" << PrettyMethod(this) << "' code=null";
-      if (result != NULL) {
+      if (result != nullptr) {
         result->SetJ(0);
       }
     }
@@ -430,6 +468,21 @@
   self->PopManagedStackFragment(fragment);
 }
 
+// Counts the number of references in the parameter list of the corresponding method.
+// Note: Thus does _not_ include "this" for non-static methods.
+static uint32_t GetNumberOfReferenceArgsWithoutReceiver(ArtMethod* method)
+    SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  uint32_t shorty_len;
+  const char* shorty = method->GetShorty(&shorty_len);
+  uint32_t refs = 0;
+  for (uint32_t i = 1; i < shorty_len ; ++i) {
+    if (shorty[i] == 'L') {
+      refs++;
+    }
+  }
+  return refs;
+}
+
 QuickMethodFrameInfo ArtMethod::GetQuickFrameInfo() {
   if (UNLIKELY(IsPortableCompiled())) {
     // Portable compiled dex bytecode or jni stub.
@@ -472,8 +525,7 @@
     // Generic JNI frame.
     DCHECK(IsNative());
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-    uint32_t handle_refs =
-        MethodHelper(hs.NewHandle(this)).GetNumberOfReferenceArgsWithoutReceiver() + 1;
+    uint32_t handle_refs = GetNumberOfReferenceArgsWithoutReceiver(this) + 1;
     size_t scope_size = HandleScope::SizeOf(handle_refs);
     QuickMethodFrameInfo callee_info = runtime->GetCalleeSaveMethodFrameInfo(Runtime::kRefsAndArgs);
 
@@ -493,7 +545,7 @@
 void ArtMethod::RegisterNative(const void* native_method, bool is_fast) {
   CHECK(IsNative()) << PrettyMethod(this);
   CHECK(!IsFastNative()) << PrettyMethod(this);
-  CHECK(native_method != NULL) << PrettyMethod(this);
+  CHECK(native_method != nullptr) << PrettyMethod(this);
   if (is_fast) {
     SetAccessFlags(GetAccessFlags() | kAccFastNative);
   }
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/art_method.h b/runtime/mirror/art_method.h
index da494e0..2107944 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/art_method.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/art_method.h
@@ -32,15 +32,14 @@
 struct ArtMethodOffsets;
 struct ConstructorMethodOffsets;
 union JValue;
-class MethodHelper;
 class ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable;
 class StringPiece;
 class ShadowFrame;
 
 namespace mirror {
 
-typedef void (EntryPointFromInterpreter)(Thread* self, MethodHelper* mh,
-    const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item, ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result);
+typedef void (EntryPointFromInterpreter)(Thread* self, const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+                                         ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result);
 
 #define ART_METHOD_HAS_PADDING_FIELD_ON_64_BIT
 
@@ -238,9 +237,21 @@
   bool HasSameDexCacheResolvedTypes(ObjectArray<Class>* other_cache)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  // Find the method that this method overrides
+  // Get the Class* from the type index into this method's dex cache.
+  mirror::Class* GetClassFromTypeIndex(uint16_t type_idx, bool resolve)
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  // Find the method that this method overrides.
   ArtMethod* FindOverriddenMethod() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  // Find the method index for this method within other_dexfile. If this method isn't present then
+  // return DexFile::kDexNoIndex. The name_and_signature_idx MUST refer to a MethodId with the same
+  // name and signature in the other_dexfile, such as the method index used to resolve this method
+  // in the other_dexfile.
+  uint32_t FindDexMethodIndexInOtherDexFile(const DexFile& other_dexfile,
+                                            uint32_t name_and_signature_idx)
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   void Invoke(Thread* self, uint32_t* args, uint32_t args_size, JValue* result, const char* shorty)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h
index 599f178..1662ebf 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h
@@ -575,6 +575,10 @@
                                                              allocator_type, VoidFunctor());
   if (add_finalizer && LIKELY(obj != nullptr)) {
     heap->AddFinalizerReference(self, &obj);
+    if (UNLIKELY(self->IsExceptionPending())) {
+      // Failed to allocate finalizer reference, it means that the whole allocation failed.
+      obj = nullptr;
+    }
   }
   return obj;
 }
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object.cc b/runtime/mirror/object.cc
index fa1f226..65d6ade 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include "class.h"
 #include "class-inl.h"
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "iftable-inl.h"
@@ -202,12 +201,16 @@
     if (fields != NULL) {
       size_t num_ifields = fields->GetLength();
       for (size_t i = 0; i < num_ifields; ++i) {
+        StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
+        Handle<Object> h_object(hs.NewHandle(new_value));
         ArtField* field = fields->Get(i);
         if (field->GetOffset().Int32Value() == field_offset.Int32Value()) {
           CHECK_NE(field->GetTypeAsPrimitiveType(), Primitive::kPrimNot);
-          StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-          FieldHelper fh(hs.NewHandle(field));
-          CHECK(fh.GetType()->IsAssignableFrom(new_value->GetClass()));
+          // TODO: resolve the field type for moving GC.
+          mirror::Class* field_type = field->GetType(!kMovingCollector);
+          if (field_type != nullptr) {
+            CHECK(field_type->IsAssignableFrom(new_value->GetClass()));
+          }
           return;
         }
       }
@@ -225,9 +228,11 @@
         ArtField* field = fields->Get(i);
         if (field->GetOffset().Int32Value() == field_offset.Int32Value()) {
           CHECK_NE(field->GetTypeAsPrimitiveType(), Primitive::kPrimNot);
-          StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-          FieldHelper fh(hs.NewHandle(field));
-          CHECK(fh.GetType()->IsAssignableFrom(new_value->GetClass()));
+          // TODO: resolve the field type for moving GC.
+          mirror::Class* field_type = field->GetType(!kMovingCollector);
+          if (field_type != nullptr) {
+            CHECK(field_type->IsAssignableFrom(new_value->GetClass()));
+          }
           return;
         }
       }
@@ -235,6 +240,7 @@
   }
   LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to find field for assignment to " << reinterpret_cast<void*>(this)
       << " of type " << PrettyDescriptor(c) << " at offset " << field_offset;
+  UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 }  // namespace mirror
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc b/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc
index 4402031..9d789cd 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "iftable-inl.h"
-#include "method_helper-inl.h"
 #include "object-inl.h"
 #include "object_array-inl.h"
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
@@ -528,26 +527,6 @@
   EXPECT_STREQ(m3_2->GetName(), "m3");
   ArtMethod* m4_2 = klass2->GetVirtualMethod(3);
   EXPECT_STREQ(m4_2->GetName(), "m4");
-
-  MutableMethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(m1_1));
-  MutableMethodHelper mh2(hs.NewHandle(m1_2));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mh.HasSameNameAndSignature(&mh2));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mh2.HasSameNameAndSignature(&mh));
-
-  mh.ChangeMethod(m2_1);
-  mh2.ChangeMethod(m2_2);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mh.HasSameNameAndSignature(&mh2));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mh2.HasSameNameAndSignature(&mh));
-
-  mh.ChangeMethod(m3_1);
-  mh2.ChangeMethod(m3_2);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mh.HasSameNameAndSignature(&mh2));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mh2.HasSameNameAndSignature(&mh));
-
-  mh.ChangeMethod(m4_1);
-  mh2.ChangeMethod(m4_2);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mh.HasSameNameAndSignature(&mh2));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(mh2.HasSameNameAndSignature(&mh));
 }
 
 TEST_F(ObjectTest, StringHashCode) {
diff --git a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Field.cc b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Field.cc
index a042620..2cebf02 100644
--- a/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Field.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/java_lang_reflect_Field.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "common_throws.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
@@ -294,9 +293,8 @@
     StackHandleScope<2> hs(soa.Self());
     HandleWrapper<mirror::Object> h_o(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&o));
     HandleWrapper<mirror::ArtField> h_f(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&f));
-    FieldHelper fh(h_f);
     // May cause resolution.
-    field_type = fh.GetType(true);
+    field_type = h_f->GetType(true);
     if (field_type == nullptr) {
       DCHECK(soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
       return;
diff --git a/runtime/native_bridge_art_interface.cc b/runtime/native_bridge_art_interface.cc
index ffadfc6..1775468 100644
--- a/runtime/native_bridge_art_interface.cc
+++ b/runtime/native_bridge_art_interface.cc
@@ -28,10 +28,8 @@
 
 static const char* GetMethodShorty(JNIEnv* env, jmethodID mid) {
   ScopedObjectAccess soa(env);
-  StackHandleScope<1> scope(soa.Self());
   mirror::ArtMethod* m = soa.DecodeMethod(mid);
-  MethodHelper mh(scope.NewHandle(m));
-  return mh.GetShorty();
+  return m->GetShorty();
 }
 
 static uint32_t GetNativeMethodCount(JNIEnv* env, jclass clazz) {
diff --git a/runtime/proxy_test.cc b/runtime/proxy_test.cc
index 1eded62..3260992 100644
--- a/runtime/proxy_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/proxy_test.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
@@ -184,21 +183,20 @@
 
   // Test "Class[] interfaces" field.
   MutableHandle<mirror::ArtField> fhandle = hs.NewHandle(static_fields->Get(0));
-  FieldHelper fh(fhandle);
-  EXPECT_EQ("interfaces", std::string(fh.GetField()->GetName()));
-  EXPECT_EQ("[Ljava/lang/Class;", std::string(fh.GetField()->GetTypeDescriptor()));
-  EXPECT_EQ(interfacesFieldClass.Get(), fh.GetType());
-  EXPECT_EQ("L$Proxy1234;", std::string(fh.GetDeclaringClassDescriptor()));
-  EXPECT_FALSE(fh.GetField()->IsPrimitiveType());
+  EXPECT_EQ("interfaces", std::string(fhandle->GetName()));
+  EXPECT_EQ("[Ljava/lang/Class;", std::string(fhandle->GetTypeDescriptor()));
+  EXPECT_EQ(interfacesFieldClass.Get(), fhandle->GetType(true));
+  std::string temp;
+  EXPECT_EQ("L$Proxy1234;", std::string(fhandle->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDescriptor(&temp)));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(fhandle->IsPrimitiveType());
 
   // Test "Class[][] throws" field.
   fhandle.Assign(static_fields->Get(1));
-  FieldHelper fh2(fhandle);
-  EXPECT_EQ("throws", std::string(fh2.GetField()->GetName()));
-  EXPECT_EQ("[[Ljava/lang/Class;", std::string(fh2.GetField()->GetTypeDescriptor()));
-  EXPECT_EQ(throwsFieldClass.Get(), fh2.GetType());
-  EXPECT_EQ("L$Proxy1234;", std::string(fh2.GetDeclaringClassDescriptor()));
-  EXPECT_FALSE(fh2.GetField()->IsPrimitiveType());
+  EXPECT_EQ("throws", std::string(fhandle->GetName()));
+  EXPECT_EQ("[[Ljava/lang/Class;", std::string(fhandle->GetTypeDescriptor()));
+  EXPECT_EQ(throwsFieldClass.Get(), fhandle->GetType(true));
+  EXPECT_EQ("L$Proxy1234;", std::string(fhandle->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDescriptor(&temp)));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(fhandle->IsPrimitiveType());
 }
 
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/reflection.cc b/runtime/reflection.cc
index 44d1bc4..85f9938 100644
--- a/runtime/reflection.cc
+++ b/runtime/reflection.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.h"
 #include "jni_internal.h"
-#include "method_helper-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
@@ -220,9 +219,10 @@
   }
 
   bool BuildArgArrayFromObjectArray(mirror::Object* receiver,
-                                    mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* args, MethodHelper& mh)
+                                    mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* args,
+                                    Handle<mirror::ArtMethod> h_m)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    const DexFile::TypeList* classes = mh.GetMethod()->GetParameterTypeList();
+    const DexFile::TypeList* classes = h_m->GetParameterTypeList();
     // Set receiver if non-null (method is not static)
     if (receiver != nullptr) {
       Append(receiver);
@@ -231,11 +231,11 @@
       mirror::Object* arg = args->Get(args_offset);
       if (((shorty_[i] == 'L') && (arg != nullptr)) || ((arg == nullptr && shorty_[i] != 'L'))) {
         mirror::Class* dst_class =
-            mh.GetClassFromTypeIdx(classes->GetTypeItem(args_offset).type_idx_);
+            h_m->GetClassFromTypeIndex(classes->GetTypeItem(args_offset).type_idx_, true);
         if (UNLIKELY(arg == nullptr || !arg->InstanceOf(dst_class))) {
           ThrowIllegalArgumentException(nullptr,
               StringPrintf("method %s argument %zd has type %s, got %s",
-                  PrettyMethod(mh.GetMethod(), false).c_str(),
+                  PrettyMethod(h_m.Get(), false).c_str(),
                   args_offset + 1,  // Humans don't count from 0.
                   PrettyDescriptor(dst_class).c_str(),
                   PrettyTypeOf(arg).c_str()).c_str());
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@
             } else { \
               ThrowIllegalArgumentException(nullptr, \
                   StringPrintf("method %s argument %zd has type %s, got %s", \
-                      PrettyMethod(mh.GetMethod(), false).c_str(), \
+                      PrettyMethod(h_m.Get(), false).c_str(), \
                       args_offset + 1, \
                       expected, \
                       PrettyTypeOf(arg).c_str()).c_str()); \
@@ -329,6 +329,7 @@
 #ifndef NDEBUG
         default:
           LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected shorty character: " << shorty_[i];
+          UNREACHABLE();
 #endif
       }
 #undef DO_FIRST_ARG
@@ -360,14 +361,13 @@
   if (!m->IsStatic()) {
     offset = 1;
   }
-  // TODO: If args contain object references, it may cause problems
+  // TODO: If args contain object references, it may cause problems.
   Thread* self = Thread::Current();
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
   Handle<mirror::ArtMethod> h_m(hs.NewHandle(m));
-  MethodHelper mh(h_m);
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_params; i++) {
     uint16_t type_idx = params->GetTypeItem(i).type_idx_;
-    mirror::Class* param_type = mh.GetClassFromTypeIdx(type_idx);
+    mirror::Class* param_type = h_m->GetClassFromTypeIndex(type_idx, true);
     if (param_type == nullptr) {
       CHECK(self->IsExceptionPending());
       LOG(ERROR) << "Internal error: unresolvable type for argument type in JNI invoke: "
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@
 }
 
 void InvokeWithShadowFrame(Thread* self, ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, uint16_t arg_offset,
-                           MethodHelper* mh, JValue* result) {
+                           JValue* result) {
   // We want to make sure that the stack is not within a small distance from the
   // protected region in case we are calling into a leaf function whose stack
   // check has been elided.
@@ -536,11 +536,12 @@
     ThrowStackOverflowError(self);
     return;
   }
-
-  ArgArray arg_array(mh->GetShorty(), mh->GetShortyLength());
+  uint32_t shorty_len;
+  const char* shorty = shadow_frame->GetMethod()->GetShorty(&shorty_len);
+  ArgArray arg_array(shorty, shorty_len);
   arg_array.BuildArgArrayFromFrame(shadow_frame, arg_offset);
   shadow_frame->GetMethod()->Invoke(self, arg_array.GetArray(), arg_array.GetNumBytes(), result,
-                                    mh->GetShorty());
+                                    shorty);
 }
 
 jobject InvokeMethod(const ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa, jobject javaMethod,
@@ -571,7 +572,7 @@
     // Check that the receiver is non-null and an instance of the field's declaring class.
     receiver = soa.Decode<mirror::Object*>(javaReceiver);
     if (!VerifyObjectIsClass(receiver, declaring_class)) {
-      return NULL;
+      return nullptr;
     }
 
     // Find the actual implementation of the virtual method.
@@ -585,10 +586,10 @@
   uint32_t classes_size = (classes == nullptr) ? 0 : classes->Size();
   uint32_t arg_count = (objects != nullptr) ? objects->GetLength() : 0;
   if (arg_count != classes_size) {
-    ThrowIllegalArgumentException(NULL,
+    ThrowIllegalArgumentException(nullptr,
                                   StringPrintf("Wrong number of arguments; expected %d, got %d",
                                                classes_size, arg_count).c_str());
-    return NULL;
+    return nullptr;
   }
 
   // If method is not set to be accessible, verify it can be accessed by the caller.
@@ -611,8 +612,8 @@
   const char* shorty = m->GetShorty(&shorty_len);
   ArgArray arg_array(shorty, shorty_len);
   StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
-  MethodHelper mh(hs.NewHandle(m));
-  if (!arg_array.BuildArgArrayFromObjectArray(receiver, objects, mh)) {
+  Handle<mirror::ArtMethod> h_m(hs.NewHandle(m));
+  if (!arg_array.BuildArgArrayFromObjectArray(receiver, objects, h_m)) {
     CHECK(soa.Self()->IsExceptionPending());
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -627,22 +628,21 @@
     jmethodID mid = soa.Env()->GetMethodID(exception_class, "<init>", "(Ljava/lang/Throwable;)V");
     jobject exception_instance = soa.Env()->NewObject(exception_class, mid, th);
     soa.Env()->Throw(reinterpret_cast<jthrowable>(exception_instance));
-    return NULL;
+    return nullptr;
   }
 
   // Box if necessary and return.
-  return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(
-      BoxPrimitive(Primitive::GetType(mh.GetMethod()->GetReturnTypeDescriptor()[0]), result));
+  return soa.AddLocalReference<jobject>(BoxPrimitive(Primitive::GetType(shorty[0]), result));
 }
 
 bool VerifyObjectIsClass(mirror::Object* o, mirror::Class* c) {
-  if (o == NULL) {
-    ThrowNullPointerException(NULL, "null receiver");
+  if (o == nullptr) {
+    ThrowNullPointerException(nullptr, "null receiver");
     return false;
   } else if (!o->InstanceOf(c)) {
     std::string expected_class_name(PrettyDescriptor(c));
     std::string actual_class_name(PrettyTypeOf(o));
-    ThrowIllegalArgumentException(NULL,
+    ThrowIllegalArgumentException(nullptr,
                                   StringPrintf("Expected receiver of type %s, but got %s",
                                                expected_class_name.c_str(),
                                                actual_class_name.c_str()).c_str());
diff --git a/runtime/reflection.h b/runtime/reflection.h
index f9a7951..1a64871 100644
--- a/runtime/reflection.h
+++ b/runtime/reflection.h
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
   class Object;
 }  // namespace mirror
 union JValue;
-class MethodHelper;
 class ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable;
 class ShadowFrame;
 class ThrowLocation;
@@ -65,7 +64,7 @@
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
 void InvokeWithShadowFrame(Thread* self, ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, uint16_t arg_offset,
-                           MethodHelper* mh, JValue* result)
+                           JValue* result)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
 jobject InvokeMethod(const ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa, jobject method, jobject receiver,
diff --git a/runtime/thread-inl.h b/runtime/thread-inl.h
index e30e745..7aed8b0 100644
--- a/runtime/thread-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/thread-inl.h
@@ -69,7 +69,12 @@
   // Cannot use this code to change into Runnable as changing to Runnable should fail if
   // old_state_and_flags.suspend_request is true.
   DCHECK_NE(new_state, kRunnable);
-  DCHECK_EQ(this, Thread::Current());
+  if (kIsDebugBuild && this != Thread::Current()) {
+    std::string name;
+    GetThreadName(name);
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Thread \"" << name << "\"(" << this << " != Thread::Current()="
+               << Thread::Current() << ") changing state to " << new_state;
+  }
   union StateAndFlags old_state_and_flags;
   old_state_and_flags.as_int = tls32_.state_and_flags.as_int;
   tls32_.state_and_flags.as_struct.state = new_state;
diff --git a/runtime/thread.h b/runtime/thread.h
index b69d2f4..5b3e746 100644
--- a/runtime/thread.h
+++ b/runtime/thread.h
@@ -1189,7 +1189,7 @@
 
  private:
   Thread* const self_;
-  const char* old_cause_;
+  const char* const old_cause_;
 };
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Thread& thread);
diff --git a/runtime/thread_list.cc b/runtime/thread_list.cc
index 5ff90d6..beafcda 100644
--- a/runtime/thread_list.cc
+++ b/runtime/thread_list.cc
@@ -168,7 +168,9 @@
     const uint32_t kWaitTimeoutMs = 10000;
     bool timed_out = barrier_.Increment(self, threads_running_checkpoint, kWaitTimeoutMs);
     if (timed_out) {
-      LOG(kIsDebugBuild ? FATAL : ERROR) << "Unexpected time out during dump checkpoint.";
+      // Avoid a recursive abort.
+      LOG((kIsDebugBuild && (gAborting == 0)) ? FATAL : ERROR)
+          << "Unexpected time out during dump checkpoint.";
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/runtime/utils.cc b/runtime/utils.cc
index ad46be6..1211547 100644
--- a/runtime/utils.cc
+++ b/runtime/utils.cc
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
@@ -324,8 +323,8 @@
     result += PrettyDescriptor(f->GetTypeDescriptor());
     result += ' ';
   }
-  StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
-  result += PrettyDescriptor(FieldHelper(hs.NewHandle(f)).GetDeclaringClassDescriptor());
+  std::string temp;
+  result += PrettyDescriptor(f->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDescriptor(&temp));
   result += '.';
   result += f->GetName();
   return result;
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
index a10c7cb..1b3cc8f 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier.cc
@@ -25,12 +25,10 @@
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "dex_instruction-inl.h"
 #include "dex_instruction_visitor.h"
-#include "field_helper.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
 #include "indenter.h"
 #include "intern_table.h"
 #include "leb128.h"
-#include "method_helper-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
@@ -3827,7 +3825,7 @@
     {
       StackHandleScope<1> hs(self_);
       HandleWrapper<mirror::ArtField> h_field(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&field));
-      field_type_class = FieldHelper(h_field).GetType(can_load_classes_);
+      field_type_class = h_field->GetType(can_load_classes_);
     }
     if (field_type_class != nullptr) {
       field_type = &reg_types_.FromClass(field->GetTypeDescriptor(), field_type_class,
@@ -3951,7 +3949,7 @@
     {
       StackHandleScope<1> hs(Thread::Current());
       HandleWrapper<mirror::ArtField> h_field(hs.NewHandleWrapper(&field));
-      field_type_class = FieldHelper(h_field).GetType(can_load_classes_);
+      field_type_class = h_field->GetType(can_load_classes_);
     }
 
     if (field_type_class != nullptr) {
diff --git a/test/080-oom-throw-with-finalizer/expected.txt b/test/080-oom-throw-with-finalizer/expected.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/080-oom-throw-with-finalizer/expected.txt
diff --git a/test/080-oom-throw-with-finalizer/info.txt b/test/080-oom-throw-with-finalizer/info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37091ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/080-oom-throw-with-finalizer/info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Regression test on correct processing of OOM thrown while adding a finalizer reference.
diff --git a/test/080-oom-throw-with-finalizer/src/Main.java b/test/080-oom-throw-with-finalizer/src/Main.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57e9721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/080-oom-throw-with-finalizer/src/Main.java
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.util.Vector;
+
+public class Main {
+    static char [][] holder;
+
+    static class ArrayMemEater {
+        static boolean sawOome;
+
+        static void blowup(char[][] holder) {
+            try {
+                for (int i = 0; i < holder.length; ++i) {
+                    holder[i] = new char[1024 * 1024];
+                }
+            } catch (OutOfMemoryError oome) {
+                ArrayMemEater.sawOome = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    static class InstanceFinalizerMemEater {
+        public void finalize() {}
+    }
+
+    static boolean triggerArrayOOM(char[][] holder) {
+        ArrayMemEater.blowup(holder);
+        return ArrayMemEater.sawOome;
+    }
+
+    static boolean triggerInstanceFinalizerOOM() {
+        boolean sawOome = false;
+        try {
+            Vector v = new Vector();
+            while (true) {
+                v.add(new InstanceFinalizerMemEater());
+            }
+        } catch (OutOfMemoryError e) {
+            sawOome = true;
+        }
+        return sawOome;
+    }
+
+    public static void main(String[] args) {
+        // Keep holder alive to make instance OOM happen faster.
+        holder = new char[128 * 1024][];
+        if (!triggerArrayOOM(holder)) {
+            System.out.println("NEW_ARRAY did not throw OOME");
+        }
+
+        if (!triggerInstanceFinalizerOOM()) {
+            System.out.println("NEW_INSTANCE (finalize) did not throw OOME");
+        }
+
+        System.runFinalization();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/test/421-large-frame/src/Main.java b/test/421-large-frame/src/Main.java
index 01b89ba..dae72fb 100644
--- a/test/421-large-frame/src/Main.java
+++ b/test/421-large-frame/src/Main.java
@@ -2029,6 +2029,11 @@
     l997 += l996;
     l998 += l997;
     l999 += l998;
-    return l999;
+    // Create a branch to beat the large method check.
+    if (l998 == l999) {
+      return l998;
+    } else {
+      return l999;
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/test/422-type-conversion/src/Main.java b/test/422-type-conversion/src/Main.java
index c434db3..e7dbe24 100644
--- a/test/422-type-conversion/src/Main.java
+++ b/test/422-type-conversion/src/Main.java
@@ -91,6 +91,9 @@
     // Generate, compile and check long-to-double Dex instructions.
     longToDouble();
 
+    // Generate, compile and check float-to-int Dex instructions.
+    floatToInt();
+
     // Generate, compile and check int-to-byte Dex instructions.
     shortToByte();
     intToByte();
@@ -313,6 +316,32 @@
     assertDoubleEquals(-9223372036854775808D, $opt$LongToDouble(-9223372036854775808L));  // -(2^63)
   }
 
+  private static void floatToInt() {
+    assertIntEquals(1, $opt$FloatToInt(1F));
+    assertIntEquals(0, $opt$FloatToInt(0F));
+    assertIntEquals(0, $opt$FloatToInt(-0F));
+    assertIntEquals(-1, $opt$FloatToInt(-1F));
+    assertIntEquals(51, $opt$FloatToInt(51F));
+    assertIntEquals(-51, $opt$FloatToInt(-51F));
+    assertIntEquals(0, $opt$FloatToInt(0.5F));
+    assertIntEquals(0, $opt$FloatToInt(0.4999999F));
+    assertIntEquals(0, $opt$FloatToInt(-0.4999999F));
+    assertIntEquals(0, $opt$FloatToInt(-0.5F));
+    assertIntEquals(42, $opt$FloatToInt(42.199F));
+    assertIntEquals(-42, $opt$FloatToInt(-42.199F));
+    assertIntEquals(2147483647, $opt$FloatToInt(2147483647F));  // 2^31 - 1
+    assertIntEquals(-2147483648, $opt$FloatToInt(-2147483647F));  // -(2^31 - 1)
+    assertIntEquals(-2147483648, $opt$FloatToInt(-2147483648F));  // -(2^31)
+    assertIntEquals(2147483647, $opt$FloatToInt(2147483648F));  // (2^31)
+    assertIntEquals(-2147483648, $opt$FloatToInt(-2147483649F));  // -(2^31 + 1)
+    assertIntEquals(2147483647, $opt$FloatToInt(9223372036854775807F));  // 2^63 - 1
+    assertIntEquals(-2147483648, $opt$FloatToInt(-9223372036854775807F));  // -(2^63 - 1)
+    assertIntEquals(-2147483648, $opt$FloatToInt(-9223372036854775808F));  // -(2^63)
+    assertIntEquals(0, $opt$FloatToInt(Float.NaN));
+    assertIntEquals(2147483647, $opt$FloatToInt(Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY));
+    assertIntEquals(-2147483648, $opt$FloatToInt(Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY));
+  }
+
   private static void shortToByte() {
     assertByteEquals((byte)1, $opt$ShortToByte((short)1));
     assertByteEquals((byte)0, $opt$ShortToByte((short)0));
@@ -468,6 +497,9 @@
   // This method produces a long-to-double Dex instruction.
   static double $opt$LongToDouble(long a){ return (double)a; }
 
+  // This method produces a float-to-int Dex instruction.
+  static int $opt$FloatToInt(float a){ return (int)a; }
+
   // These methods produce int-to-byte Dex instructions.
   static byte $opt$ShortToByte(short a){ return (byte)a; }
   static byte $opt$IntToByte(int a){ return (byte)a; }
diff --git a/test/434-invoke-direct/expected.txt b/test/434-invoke-direct/expected.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/434-invoke-direct/expected.txt
diff --git a/test/434-invoke-direct/info.txt b/test/434-invoke-direct/info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eae1ef0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/434-invoke-direct/info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Tests that IllegalAccessError is thrown when a subclass invokes-direct a
+private method from the super class.
diff --git a/test/434-invoke-direct/smali/invoke.smali b/test/434-invoke-direct/smali/invoke.smali
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3cdd1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/434-invoke-direct/smali/invoke.smali
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+.class public LInvokeDirect;
+.super LInvokeDirectSuper;
+
+.method public constructor <init>()V
+      .registers 2
+       invoke-direct {v1}, LInvokeDirectSuper;-><init>()V
+       return-void
+.end method
+
+.method public run()I
+       .registers 3
+       invoke-super {v2}, LInvokeDirectSuper;->privateMethod()I
+       move-result v0
+       return v0
+.end method
diff --git a/test/434-invoke-direct/src/InvokeDirectSuper.java b/test/434-invoke-direct/src/InvokeDirectSuper.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c80a18b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/434-invoke-direct/src/InvokeDirectSuper.java
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+public class InvokeDirectSuper {
+  public int val;
+
+  private int privateMethod() {
+    return val;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/434-invoke-direct/src/Main.java b/test/434-invoke-direct/src/Main.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c363e1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/434-invoke-direct/src/Main.java
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+
+public class Main {
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+    $opt$InvokeDirect();
+  }
+
+  private static void $opt$InvokeDirect() throws Throwable {
+    try {
+      Class<?> c = Class.forName("InvokeDirect");
+      Method m = c.getMethod("run");
+      m.invoke(c.newInstance());
+      throw new RuntimeException("Failed to throw IllegalAccessError");
+    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+      if (!(e.getCause() instanceof IllegalAccessError)) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("Failed to throw IllegalAccessError");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+}
+
diff --git a/test/435-new-instance/expected.txt b/test/435-new-instance/expected.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-new-instance/expected.txt
diff --git a/test/435-new-instance/info.txt b/test/435-new-instance/info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f30c1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-new-instance/info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Tests that new-instance throws:
+- InstantiationError on interfaces and abstract classes
+- IllegalAccessError on inaccessible classes
+- NoClassDefFoundError on unknown classes
+
+This also verifies that we don't remove dead (code) new-instances which may
+throw.
diff --git a/test/435-new-instance/smali/instance.smali b/test/435-new-instance/smali/instance.smali
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2189498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-new-instance/smali/instance.smali
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+.class public LNewInstance;
+.super Ljava/lang/Object;
+
+.method public constructor <init>()V
+      .registers 1
+       invoke-direct {v0}, Ljava/lang/Object;-><init>()V
+       return-void
+.end method
+
+.method public newInstanceInterface()Ljava/lang/Object;
+      .registers 5
+      new-instance v1, LTestInterface;
+      # invoke-direct {v3}, LTestInterface;-><init>()V
+      # intentionally return v4 ("this")
+      return-object v4
+.end method
+
+.method public newInstanceClass()Ljava/lang/Object;
+      .registers 5
+      new-instance v1, LTestClass;
+      # invoke-direct {v3}, LTestClass;-><init>()V
+      # intentionally return v4 ("this")
+      return-object v4
+.end method
+
+.method public newInstancePrivateClass()Ljava/lang/Object;
+      .registers 5
+      new-instance v1, Lpkg/ProtectedClass;
+      # invoke-direct {v3}, Lpck/ProtectedClass;-><init>()V
+      # intentionally return v4 ("this")
+      return-object v4
+.end method
+
+.method public newInstanceUnknownClass()Ljava/lang/Object;
+      .registers 5
+      new-instance v1, LUnknownClass;
+      # invoke-direct {v3}, LUnknownClass;-><init>()V
+      # intentionally return v4 ("this")
+      return-object v4
+.end method
diff --git a/test/435-new-instance/src/Main.java b/test/435-new-instance/src/Main.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5431ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-new-instance/src/Main.java
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+
+public class Main {
+
+  public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
+    // Attempt to instantiate an interface.
+    $opt$NewInstance("newInstanceInterface", InstantiationError.class.getCanonicalName());
+    // Attempt to instantiate an abstract class.
+    $opt$NewInstance("newInstanceClass", InstantiationError.class.getCanonicalName());
+    // Attempt to instantiate an interface.
+    $opt$NewInstance("newInstancePrivateClass", IllegalAccessError.class.getCanonicalName());
+    // Attempt to instantiate an abstract class.
+    $opt$NewInstance("newInstanceUnknownClass", NoClassDefFoundError.class.getCanonicalName());
+  }
+
+  private static void $opt$NewInstance(String method, String errorName) throws Throwable {
+    try {
+      Class<?> c = Class.forName("NewInstance");
+      Method m = c.getMethod(method);
+      m.invoke(c.newInstance());
+      throw new RuntimeException("Failed to throw " + errorName);
+    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+      if (!e.getCause().getClass().getCanonicalName().equals(errorName)) {
+        throw new RuntimeException("Failed to throw " + errorName
+            + ". Threw: " + e.getCause());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/435-new-instance/src/TestClass.java b/test/435-new-instance/src/TestClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15b0a0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-new-instance/src/TestClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+public abstract class TestClass {
+  // Bogus fields to satisfy dex merger. See b/18051191
+  public int val;
+  public void method() {};
+}
diff --git a/test/435-new-instance/src/TestInterface.java b/test/435-new-instance/src/TestInterface.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db6f3e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-new-instance/src/TestInterface.java
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+public interface TestInterface {
+  public void method();
+}
diff --git a/test/435-new-instance/src/pkg/ProtectedClass.java b/test/435-new-instance/src/pkg/ProtectedClass.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b262155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-new-instance/src/pkg/ProtectedClass.java
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package pkg;
+
+class ProtectedClass {
+}
diff --git a/test/435-try-finally-without-catch/expected.txt b/test/435-try-finally-without-catch/expected.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a67802
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-try-finally-without-catch/expected.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+In finally
+In finally
+In finally
diff --git a/test/435-try-finally-without-catch/info.txt b/test/435-try-finally-without-catch/info.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46217c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-try-finally-without-catch/info.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Exercise a method containing a `try' statement with several
+instructions with a `finally' clause but without any `catch' block,
+enclosed in a loop.
+
+When dx processes an integer division (or modulo) enclosing a `try'
+block and whose result is assigned to a local value, it is smart
+enough not to emit a `div-int' (or `rem-int') instruction when the
+divisor is non-null, as it wouldn't be used.  However, dx is not
+that clever regarding exception handling: if the divisor is known to
+be non-null at compile-time (as is the case in this test), it will
+still emit a block with the exception catching and rethrowing
+mechanism, even if it is not used.
+
+This used to be a problem for a `try' block followed by a `finally'
+clause but with no `catch' block: in that case, the generated Dex code
+item would list zero catch block for this method (see
+art::CodeItem::tries_size_) and the optimizing compiler would have no
+clue that it contains a `try' statement, which it cannot optimize
+(yet).  With no hint that this method might contain one (or several)
+special block(s) related to `catch'-less `try' statement(s), the
+optimizing compiler considered this (these) as dead block(s) and
+improperly tried to remove its (their) instructions, sometimes
+removing instructions used by others instructions, thus triggering
+assertions.  The optimizing compiler was thus adjusted to remove these
+instructions in a proper fashion, by removing them as users first, and
+then by suppressing them for good.
diff --git a/test/435-try-finally-without-catch/src/Main.java b/test/435-try-finally-without-catch/src/Main.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c29ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/435-try-finally-without-catch/src/Main.java
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+public class Main {
+
+  public static void main(String[] args){
+    foo();
+  }
+
+  // Reduced test case inspired by constantPropagationTest() from
+  // test/083-compiler-regressions.
+  static void foo() {
+    int a = 0;
+    int b = 1;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
+      try {
+        a = 1;
+        // Would throw an ArithmeticException if b were null (hence
+        // the enclosing `try' statement).
+        int c = a % b;
+      }
+      finally {
+        System.out.println("In finally");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/Android.run-test.mk b/test/Android.run-test.mk
index 3c959fb..b85685b 100644
--- a/test/Android.run-test.mk
+++ b/test/Android.run-test.mk
@@ -472,6 +472,7 @@
     else
       ifeq ($(4),default)
         test_groups += ART_RUN_TEST_$$(uc_host_or_target)_DEFAULT_RULES
+        run_test_options += --quick
       else
         $$(error found $(4) expected $(COMPILER_TYPES))
       endif
diff --git a/test/etc/run-test-jar b/test/etc/run-test-jar
index d2cd8ab..5c0f83f 100755
--- a/test/etc/run-test-jar
+++ b/test/etc/run-test-jar
@@ -108,6 +108,11 @@
         DEV_MODE="y"
         TIME_OUT="n"
         shift
+    elif [ "x$1" = "x--gdb-arg" ]; then
+        shift
+        gdb_arg="$1"
+        GDB_ARGS="${GDB_ARGS} $gdb_arg"
+        shift
     elif [ "x$1" = "x--zygote" ]; then
         ZYGOTE="-Xzygote"
         msg "Spawning from zygote"
@@ -229,11 +234,11 @@
   else
     if [ `uname` = "Darwin" ]; then
         GDB=lldb
-        GDB_ARGS="-- $DALVIKVM"
+        GDB_ARGS="$GDB_ARGS -- $DALVIKVM"
         DALVIKVM=
     else
         GDB=gdb
-        GDB_ARGS="--args $DALVIKVM"
+        GDB_ARGS="$GDB_ARGS --args $DALVIKVM"
         # Enable for Emacs "M-x gdb" support. TODO: allow extra gdb arguments on command line.
         # gdbargs="--annotate=3 $gdbargs"
     fi
diff --git a/test/run-test b/test/run-test
index e9dd86a..2abc1fa 100755
--- a/test/run-test
+++ b/test/run-test
@@ -171,6 +171,11 @@
         option="$1"
         run_args="${run_args} --runtime-option $option"
         shift
+    elif [ "x$1" = "x--gdb-arg" ]; then
+        shift
+        gdb_arg="$1"
+        run_args="${run_args} --gdb-arg $gdb_arg"
+        shift
     elif [ "x$1" = "x--debug" ]; then
         run_args="${run_args} --debug"
         shift
@@ -189,6 +194,9 @@
         run_args="${run_args} -Xcompiler-option --compiler-backend=Optimizing"
         image_suffix="-optimizing"
         shift
+    elif [ "x$1" = "x--quick" ]; then
+        run_args="${run_args} -Xcompiler-option --compiler-backend=Quick"
+        shift
     elif [ "x$1" = "x--no-verify" ]; then
         run_args="${run_args} --no-verify"
         shift
@@ -416,6 +424,7 @@
         echo "    --build-only          Build test files only (off by default)."
         echo "    --interpreter         Enable interpreter only mode (off by default)."
         echo "    --optimizing          Enable optimizing compiler (off by default)."
+        echo "    --quick               Use Quick compiler (default)."
         echo "    --no-verify           Turn off verification (on by default)."
         echo "    --no-optimize         Turn off optimization (on by default)."
         echo "    --no-precise          Turn off precise GC (on by default)."
diff --git a/tools/analyze-init-failures.py b/tools/analyze-init-failures.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..f803ea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/analyze-init-failures.py
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""Analyzes the dump of initialization failures and creates a Graphviz dot file
+   representing dependencies."""
+
+import codecs
+import os
+import re
+import string
+import sys
+
+
+_CLASS_RE = re.compile(r'^L(.*);$')
+_ERROR_LINE_RE = re.compile(r'^java.lang.InternalError: (.*)')
+_STACK_LINE_RE = re.compile(r'^\s*at\s[^\s]*\s([^\s]*)')
+
+def Confused(filename, line_number, line):
+  sys.stderr.write('%s:%d: confused by:\n%s\n' % (filename, line_number, line))
+  raise Exception("giving up!")
+  sys.exit(1)
+
+
+def ProcessFile(filename):
+  lines = codecs.open(filename, 'r', 'utf8', 'replace').read().split('\n')
+  it = iter(lines)
+
+  class_fail_class = {}
+  class_fail_method = {}
+  root_failures = set()
+  root_errors = {}
+
+  while True:
+    try:
+      # We start with a class descriptor.
+      raw_line = it.next()
+      m = _CLASS_RE.search(raw_line)
+      # print(raw_line)
+      if m is None:
+        continue
+      # Found a class.
+      failed_clazz = m.group(1).replace('/','.')
+      # print('Is a class %s' % failed_clazz)
+      # The error line should be next.
+      raw_line = it.next()
+      m = _ERROR_LINE_RE.search(raw_line)
+      # print(raw_line)
+      if m is None:
+        Confused(filename, -1, raw_line)
+        continue
+      # Found an error line.
+      error = m.group(1)
+      # print('Is an error %s' % error)
+      # Get the top of the stack
+      raw_line = it.next()
+      m = _STACK_LINE_RE.search(raw_line)
+      if m is None:
+        continue
+      # Found a stack line. Get the method.
+      method = m.group(1)
+      # print('Is a stack element %s' % method)
+      (left_of_paren,paren,right_of_paren) = method.partition('(')
+      (root_err_class,dot,root_method_name) = left_of_paren.rpartition('.')
+      # print('Error class %s' % err_class)
+      # print('Error method %s' % method_name)
+      # Record the root error.
+      root_failures.add(root_err_class)
+      # Parse all the trace elements to find the "immediate" cause.
+      immediate_class = root_err_class
+      immediate_method = root_method_name
+      root_errors[root_err_class] = error
+      # Now go "up" the stack.
+      while True:
+        raw_line = it.next()
+        m = _STACK_LINE_RE.search(raw_line)
+        if m is None:
+          break  # Nothing more to see here.
+        method = m.group(1)
+        (left_of_paren,paren,right_of_paren) = method.partition('(')
+        (err_class,dot,err_method_name) = left_of_paren.rpartition('.')
+        if err_method_name == "<clinit>":
+          # A class initializer is on the stack...
+          class_fail_class[err_class] = immediate_class
+          class_fail_method[err_class] = immediate_method
+          immediate_class = err_class
+          immediate_method = err_method_name
+    except StopIteration:
+      # print('Done')
+      break  # Done
+
+  # Assign IDs.
+  fail_sources = set(class_fail_class.values());
+  all_classes = fail_sources | set(class_fail_class.keys())
+  i = 0
+  class_index = {}
+  for clazz in all_classes:
+    class_index[clazz] = i
+    i = i + 1
+
+  # Now create the nodes.
+  for (r_class, r_id) in class_index.items():
+    error_string = ''
+    if r_class in root_failures:
+      error_string = ',color=Red,tooltip="' + root_errors[r_class] + '",URL="' + root_errors[r_class] + '"'
+    print('  n%d [shape=box,label="%s"%s];' % (r_id, r_class, error_string))
+
+  # Some space.
+  print('')
+
+  # Connections.
+  for (failed_class,error_class) in class_fail_class.items():
+    print('  n%d -> n%d;' % (class_index[failed_class], class_index[error_class]))
+
+
+def main():
+  print('digraph {')
+  print('  overlap=false;')
+  print('  splines=true;')
+  ProcessFile(sys.argv[1])
+  print('}')
+  sys.exit(0)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+  main()
diff --git a/tools/libcore_failures.txt b/tools/libcore_failures.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8eac1d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/libcore_failures.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/*
+ * This file contains expectations for ART's buildbot. The purpose of this file is
+ * to temporary and quickly list failing tests and not break the bots, until the
+ * libcore expectation files get properly updated. The script that uses this file
+ * is art/tools/run-libcore-tests.sh.
+ *
+ * It is also used to enable AOSP experiments, and not mess up with CTS's expectations.
+ */
+
+[
+{
+  description: "Assert.java differences between vogar and junit.",
+  result: EXEC_FAILED,
+  name: "libcore.java.math.RunCSVTests#test_csv"
+},
+{
+  description: "Test is currently being updated.",
+  result: EXEC_FAILED,
+  name: "libcore.java.util.OldTimeZoneTest#test_getDisplayNameZILjava_util_Locale"
+}
+]
diff --git a/tools/run-libcore-tests.sh b/tools/run-libcore-tests.sh
index 5c7e3c5..9fa3fda 100755
--- a/tools/run-libcore-tests.sh
+++ b/tools/run-libcore-tests.sh
@@ -27,16 +27,18 @@
   exit 1
 fi
 
-# Packages that currently report no failures.
+# Packages that currently work correctly with the expectation files.
 working_packages=("libcore.java.lang"
+                  "libcore.java.math"
                   "libcore.java.util"
                   "org.apache.harmony.annotation"
                   "org.apache.harmony.regex"
                   "org.apache.harmony.tests.java.lang"
+                  "org.apache.harmony.tests.java.math"
                   "org.apache.harmony.tests.java.util"
                   "tests.java.lang.String")
 
 # Run the tests using vogar.
 echo "Running tests for the following test packages:"
 echo ${working_packages[@]} | tr " " "\n"
-vogar $@ --classpath $test_jar ${working_packages[@]}
+vogar $@ --expectations art/tools/libcore_failures.txt --classpath $test_jar ${working_packages[@]}