Dexlayout changes to support offset/size output of items.

- Created offset & size fields for items, initially populated with
  values from original dex file.
- Created index field for indexed items in header.
- Created Item objects for StringData and TypeList.
- Created Collections container to hold unique_ptrs for all objects
- Reorganized EncodedArrayItems to make it easier to collect them
- Added relevant annotations-related items to Collections
- Some size calculations and section offsets left as TODO

Bug: 29921113
Test: mm test-art-host-gtest-dexlayout_test
Change-Id: Id812f104c1930a3ee381e885f353a9a49f29ac9b
diff --git a/dexlayout/Android.bp b/dexlayout/Android.bp
index 163cb01..c411572 100644
--- a/dexlayout/Android.bp
+++ b/dexlayout/Android.bp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
     srcs: [
         "dexlayout_main.cc",
         "dexlayout.cc",
+        "dex_ir.cc",
         "dex_ir_builder.cc",
     ],
     cflags: ["-Wall"],
diff --git a/dexlayout/dex_ir.cc b/dexlayout/dex_ir.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aff03cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dexlayout/dex_ir.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * Implementation file of the dexlayout utility.
+ *
+ * This is a tool to read dex files into an internal representation,
+ * reorganize the representation, and emit dex files with a better
+ * file layout.
+ */
+
+#include "dex_ir.h"
+#include "dex_ir_builder.h"
+
+namespace art {
+namespace dex_ir {
+
+static uint64_t ReadVarWidth(const uint8_t** data, uint8_t length, bool sign_extend) {
+  uint64_t value = 0;
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= length; i++) {
+    value |= static_cast<uint64_t>(*(*data)++) << (i * 8);
+  }
+  if (sign_extend) {
+    int shift = (7 - length) * 8;
+    return (static_cast<int64_t>(value) << shift) >> shift;
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+static bool GetPositionsCb(void* context, const DexFile::PositionInfo& entry) {
+  DebugInfoItem* debug_info = reinterpret_cast<DebugInfoItem*>(context);
+  PositionInfoVector& positions = debug_info->GetPositionInfo();
+  positions.push_back(std::unique_ptr<PositionInfo>(new PositionInfo(entry.address_, entry.line_)));
+  return false;
+}
+
+static void GetLocalsCb(void* context, const DexFile::LocalInfo& entry) {
+  DebugInfoItem* debug_info = reinterpret_cast<DebugInfoItem*>(context);
+  LocalInfoVector& locals = debug_info->GetLocalInfo();
+  const char* name = entry.name_ != nullptr ? entry.name_ : "(null)";
+  const char* signature = entry.signature_ != nullptr ? entry.signature_ : "";
+  locals.push_back(std::unique_ptr<LocalInfo>(
+      new LocalInfo(name, entry.descriptor_, signature, entry.start_address_,
+                    entry.end_address_, entry.reg_)));
+}
+
+EncodedValue* Collections::ReadEncodedValue(const uint8_t** data) {
+  const uint8_t encoded_value = *(*data)++;
+  const uint8_t type = encoded_value & 0x1f;
+  EncodedValue* item = new EncodedValue(type);
+  ReadEncodedValue(data, type, encoded_value >> 5, item);
+  return item;
+}
+
+EncodedValue* Collections::ReadEncodedValue(const uint8_t** data, uint8_t type, uint8_t length) {
+  EncodedValue* item = new EncodedValue(type);
+  ReadEncodedValue(data, type, length, item);
+  return item;
+}
+
+void Collections::ReadEncodedValue(
+    const uint8_t** data, uint8_t type, uint8_t length, EncodedValue* item) {
+  switch (type) {
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationByte:
+      item->SetByte(static_cast<int8_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false)));
+      break;
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationShort:
+      item->SetShort(static_cast<int16_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, true)));
+      break;
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationChar:
+      item->SetChar(static_cast<uint16_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false)));
+      break;
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationInt:
+      item->SetInt(static_cast<int32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, true)));
+      break;
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationLong:
+      item->SetLong(static_cast<int64_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, true)));
+      break;
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationFloat: {
+      // Fill on right.
+      union {
+        float f;
+        uint32_t data;
+      } conv;
+      conv.data = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false)) << (3 - length) * 8;
+      item->SetFloat(conv.f);
+      break;
+    }
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationDouble: {
+      // Fill on right.
+      union {
+        double d;
+        uint64_t data;
+      } conv;
+      conv.data = ReadVarWidth(data, length, false) << (7 - length) * 8;
+      item->SetDouble(conv.d);
+      break;
+    }
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationString: {
+      const uint32_t string_index = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
+      item->SetStringId(GetStringId(string_index));
+      break;
+    }
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationType: {
+      const uint32_t string_index = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
+      item->SetTypeId(GetTypeId(string_index));
+      break;
+    }
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationField:
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationEnum: {
+      const uint32_t field_index = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
+      item->SetFieldId(GetFieldId(field_index));
+      break;
+    }
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationMethod: {
+      const uint32_t method_index = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
+      item->SetMethodId(GetMethodId(method_index));
+      break;
+    }
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationArray: {
+      EncodedValueVector* values = new EncodedValueVector();
+      const uint32_t size = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(data);
+      // Decode all elements.
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        values->push_back(std::unique_ptr<EncodedValue>(ReadEncodedValue(data)));
+      }
+      item->SetEncodedArray(new EncodedArrayItem(values));
+      break;
+    }
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationAnnotation: {
+      AnnotationElementVector* elements = new AnnotationElementVector();
+      const uint32_t type_idx = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(data);
+      const uint32_t size = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(data);
+      // Decode all name=value pairs.
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        const uint32_t name_index = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(data);
+        elements->push_back(std::unique_ptr<AnnotationElement>(
+            new AnnotationElement(GetStringId(name_index), ReadEncodedValue(data))));
+      }
+      item->SetEncodedAnnotation(new EncodedAnnotation(GetTypeId(type_idx), elements));
+      break;
+    }
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationNull:
+      break;
+    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationBoolean:
+      item->SetBoolean(length != 0);
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+void Collections::CreateStringId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i) {
+  const DexFile::StringId& disk_string_id = dex_file.GetStringId(i);
+  StringData* string_data = new StringData(dex_file.GetStringData(disk_string_id));
+  string_datas_.AddItem(string_data, disk_string_id.string_data_off_);
+
+  StringId* string_id = new StringId(string_data);
+  string_ids_.AddIndexedItem(string_id, StringIdsOffset() + i * StringId::ItemSize(), i);
+}
+
+void Collections::CreateTypeId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i) {
+  const DexFile::TypeId& disk_type_id = dex_file.GetTypeId(i);
+  TypeId* type_id = new TypeId(GetStringId(disk_type_id.descriptor_idx_));
+  type_ids_.AddIndexedItem(type_id, TypeIdsOffset() + i * TypeId::ItemSize(), i);
+}
+
+void Collections::CreateProtoId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i) {
+  const DexFile::ProtoId& disk_proto_id = dex_file.GetProtoId(i);
+  const DexFile::TypeList* type_list = dex_file.GetProtoParameters(disk_proto_id);
+  TypeList* parameter_type_list = CreateTypeList(type_list, disk_proto_id.parameters_off_, true);
+
+  ProtoId* proto_id = new ProtoId(GetStringId(disk_proto_id.shorty_idx_),
+                                  GetTypeId(disk_proto_id.return_type_idx_),
+                                  parameter_type_list);
+  proto_ids_.AddIndexedItem(proto_id, ProtoIdsOffset() + i * ProtoId::ItemSize(), i);
+}
+
+void Collections::CreateFieldId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i) {
+  const DexFile::FieldId& disk_field_id = dex_file.GetFieldId(i);
+  FieldId* field_id = new FieldId(GetTypeId(disk_field_id.class_idx_),
+                                  GetTypeId(disk_field_id.type_idx_),
+                                  GetStringId(disk_field_id.name_idx_));
+  field_ids_.AddIndexedItem(field_id, FieldIdsOffset() + i * FieldId::ItemSize(), i);
+}
+
+void Collections::CreateMethodId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i) {
+  const DexFile::MethodId& disk_method_id = dex_file.GetMethodId(i);
+  MethodId* method_id = new MethodId(GetTypeId(disk_method_id.class_idx_),
+                                     GetProtoId(disk_method_id.proto_idx_),
+                                     GetStringId(disk_method_id.name_idx_));
+  method_ids_.AddIndexedItem(method_id, MethodIdsOffset() + i * MethodId::ItemSize(), i);
+}
+
+void Collections::CreateClassDef(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i) {
+  const DexFile::ClassDef& disk_class_def = dex_file.GetClassDef(i);
+  const TypeId* class_type = GetTypeId(disk_class_def.class_idx_);
+  uint32_t access_flags = disk_class_def.access_flags_;
+  const TypeId* superclass = GetTypeIdOrNullPtr(disk_class_def.superclass_idx_);
+
+  const DexFile::TypeList* type_list = dex_file.GetInterfacesList(disk_class_def);
+  TypeList* interfaces_type_list = CreateTypeList(type_list, disk_class_def.interfaces_off_, false);
+
+  const StringId* source_file = GetStringIdOrNullPtr(disk_class_def.source_file_idx_);
+  // Annotations.
+  AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations = nullptr;
+  const DexFile::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* disk_annotations_directory_item =
+      dex_file.GetAnnotationsDirectory(disk_class_def);
+  if (disk_annotations_directory_item != nullptr) {
+    annotations = CreateAnnotationsDirectoryItem(
+        dex_file, disk_annotations_directory_item, disk_class_def.annotations_off_);
+  }
+  // Static field initializers.
+  const uint8_t* static_data = dex_file.GetEncodedStaticFieldValuesArray(disk_class_def);
+  EncodedArrayItem* static_values =
+      CreateEncodedArrayItem(static_data, disk_class_def.static_values_off_);
+  ClassData* class_data = CreateClassData(
+      dex_file, dex_file.GetClassData(disk_class_def), disk_class_def.class_data_off_);
+  ClassDef* class_def = new ClassDef(class_type, access_flags, superclass, interfaces_type_list,
+                                     source_file, annotations, static_values, class_data);
+  class_defs_.AddIndexedItem(class_def, ClassDefsOffset() + i * ClassDef::ItemSize(), i);
+}
+
+TypeList* Collections::CreateTypeList(
+    const DexFile::TypeList* dex_type_list, uint32_t offset, bool allow_empty) {
+  if (dex_type_list == nullptr && !allow_empty) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  // TODO: Create more efficient lookup for existing type lists.
+  for (std::unique_ptr<TypeList>& type_list : TypeLists()) {
+    if (type_list->GetOffset() == offset) {
+      return type_list.get();
+    }
+  }
+  TypeIdVector* type_vector = new TypeIdVector();
+  uint32_t size = dex_type_list == nullptr ? 0 : dex_type_list->Size();
+  for (uint32_t index = 0; index < size; ++index) {
+    type_vector->push_back(GetTypeId(dex_type_list->GetTypeItem(index).type_idx_));
+  }
+  TypeList* new_type_list = new TypeList(type_vector);
+  type_lists_.AddItem(new_type_list, offset);
+  return new_type_list;
+}
+
+EncodedArrayItem* Collections::CreateEncodedArrayItem(const uint8_t* static_data, uint32_t offset) {
+  if (static_data == nullptr) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  uint32_t size = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(&static_data);
+  EncodedValueVector* values = new EncodedValueVector();
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    values->push_back(std::unique_ptr<EncodedValue>(ReadEncodedValue(&static_data)));
+  }
+  // TODO: Calculate the size of the encoded array.
+  EncodedArrayItem* encoded_array_item = new EncodedArrayItem(values);
+  encoded_array_items_.AddItem(encoded_array_item, offset);
+  return encoded_array_item;
+}
+
+AnnotationItem* Collections::CreateAnnotationItem(const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation,
+                                                  uint32_t offset) {
+  uint8_t visibility = annotation->visibility_;
+  const uint8_t* annotation_data = annotation->annotation_;
+  EncodedValue* encoded_value =
+      ReadEncodedValue(&annotation_data, DexFile::kDexAnnotationAnnotation, 0);
+  // TODO: Calculate the size of the annotation.
+  AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
+      new AnnotationItem(visibility, encoded_value->ReleaseEncodedAnnotation());
+  annotation_items_.AddItem(annotation_item, offset);
+  return annotation_item;
+}
+
+
+AnnotationSetItem* Collections::CreateAnnotationSetItem(const DexFile& dex_file,
+    const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem& disk_annotations_item, uint32_t offset) {
+  if (disk_annotations_item.size_ == 0) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  std::vector<AnnotationItem*>* items = new std::vector<AnnotationItem*>();
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < disk_annotations_item.size_; ++i) {
+    const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation =
+        dex_file.GetAnnotationItem(&disk_annotations_item, i);
+    if (annotation == nullptr) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    AnnotationItem* annotation_item =
+        CreateAnnotationItem(annotation, disk_annotations_item.entries_[i]);
+    items->push_back(annotation_item);
+  }
+  AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item = new AnnotationSetItem(items);
+  annotation_set_items_.AddItem(annotation_set_item, offset);
+  return annotation_set_item;
+}
+
+AnnotationsDirectoryItem* Collections::CreateAnnotationsDirectoryItem(const DexFile& dex_file,
+    const DexFile::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* disk_annotations_item, uint32_t offset) {
+  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* class_set_item =
+      dex_file.GetClassAnnotationSet(disk_annotations_item);
+  AnnotationSetItem* class_annotation = nullptr;
+  if (class_set_item != nullptr) {
+    uint32_t offset = disk_annotations_item->class_annotations_off_;
+    class_annotation = CreateAnnotationSetItem(dex_file, *class_set_item, offset);
+  }
+  const DexFile::FieldAnnotationsItem* fields =
+      dex_file.GetFieldAnnotations(disk_annotations_item);
+  FieldAnnotationVector* field_annotations = nullptr;
+  if (fields != nullptr) {
+    field_annotations = new FieldAnnotationVector();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < disk_annotations_item->fields_size_; ++i) {
+      FieldId* field_id = GetFieldId(fields[i].field_idx_);
+      const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* field_set_item =
+          dex_file.GetFieldAnnotationSetItem(fields[i]);
+      uint32_t annotation_set_offset = fields[i].annotations_off_;
+      AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item =
+          CreateAnnotationSetItem(dex_file, *field_set_item, annotation_set_offset);
+      field_annotations->push_back(std::unique_ptr<FieldAnnotation>(
+          new FieldAnnotation(field_id, annotation_set_item)));
+    }
+  }
+  const DexFile::MethodAnnotationsItem* methods =
+      dex_file.GetMethodAnnotations(disk_annotations_item);
+  MethodAnnotationVector* method_annotations = nullptr;
+  if (methods != nullptr) {
+    method_annotations = new MethodAnnotationVector();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < disk_annotations_item->methods_size_; ++i) {
+      MethodId* method_id = GetMethodId(methods[i].method_idx_);
+      const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* method_set_item =
+          dex_file.GetMethodAnnotationSetItem(methods[i]);
+      uint32_t annotation_set_offset = methods[i].annotations_off_;
+      AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item =
+          CreateAnnotationSetItem(dex_file, *method_set_item, annotation_set_offset);
+      method_annotations->push_back(std::unique_ptr<MethodAnnotation>(
+          new MethodAnnotation(method_id, annotation_set_item)));
+    }
+  }
+  const DexFile::ParameterAnnotationsItem* parameters =
+      dex_file.GetParameterAnnotations(disk_annotations_item);
+  ParameterAnnotationVector* parameter_annotations = nullptr;
+  if (parameters != nullptr) {
+    parameter_annotations = new ParameterAnnotationVector();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < disk_annotations_item->parameters_size_; ++i) {
+      MethodId* method_id = GetMethodId(parameters[i].method_idx_);
+      const DexFile::AnnotationSetRefList* list =
+          dex_file.GetParameterAnnotationSetRefList(&parameters[i]);
+      parameter_annotations->push_back(std::unique_ptr<ParameterAnnotation>(
+          GenerateParameterAnnotation(dex_file, method_id, list, parameters[i].annotations_off_)));
+    }
+  }
+  // TODO: Calculate the size of the annotations directory.
+  AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations_directory_item = new AnnotationsDirectoryItem(
+      class_annotation, field_annotations, method_annotations, parameter_annotations);
+  annotations_directory_items_.AddItem(annotations_directory_item, offset);
+  return annotations_directory_item;
+}
+
+ParameterAnnotation* Collections::GenerateParameterAnnotation(
+    const DexFile& dex_file, MethodId* method_id,
+    const DexFile::AnnotationSetRefList* annotation_set_ref_list, uint32_t offset) {
+  std::vector<AnnotationSetItem*>* annotations = new std::vector<AnnotationSetItem*>();
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < annotation_set_ref_list->size_; ++i) {
+    const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item =
+        dex_file.GetSetRefItemItem(&annotation_set_ref_list->list_[i]);
+    uint32_t set_offset = annotation_set_ref_list->list_[i].annotations_off_;
+    annotations->push_back(CreateAnnotationSetItem(dex_file, *annotation_set_item, set_offset));
+  }
+  AnnotationSetRefList* new_ref_list = new AnnotationSetRefList(annotations);
+  annotation_set_ref_lists_.AddItem(new_ref_list, offset);
+  return new ParameterAnnotation(method_id, new_ref_list);
+}
+
+CodeItem* Collections::CreateCodeItem(const DexFile& dex_file,
+                                      const DexFile::CodeItem& disk_code_item, uint32_t offset) {
+  uint16_t registers_size = disk_code_item.registers_size_;
+  uint16_t ins_size = disk_code_item.ins_size_;
+  uint16_t outs_size = disk_code_item.outs_size_;
+  uint32_t tries_size = disk_code_item.tries_size_;
+
+  // TODO: Calculate the size of the debug info.
+  const uint8_t* debug_info_stream = dex_file.GetDebugInfoStream(&disk_code_item);
+  DebugInfoItem* debug_info = nullptr;
+  if (debug_info_stream != nullptr) {
+    debug_info = new DebugInfoItem();
+    debug_info_items_.AddItem(debug_info, disk_code_item.debug_info_off_);
+  }
+
+  uint32_t insns_size = disk_code_item.insns_size_in_code_units_;
+  uint16_t* insns = new uint16_t[insns_size];
+  memcpy(insns, disk_code_item.insns_, insns_size * sizeof(uint16_t));
+
+  TryItemVector* tries = nullptr;
+  if (tries_size > 0) {
+    tries = new TryItemVector();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < tries_size; ++i) {
+      const DexFile::TryItem* disk_try_item = dex_file.GetTryItems(disk_code_item, i);
+      uint32_t start_addr = disk_try_item->start_addr_;
+      uint16_t insn_count = disk_try_item->insn_count_;
+      CatchHandlerVector* handlers = new CatchHandlerVector();
+      for (CatchHandlerIterator it(disk_code_item, *disk_try_item); it.HasNext(); it.Next()) {
+        const uint16_t type_index = it.GetHandlerTypeIndex();
+        const TypeId* type_id = GetTypeIdOrNullPtr(type_index);
+        handlers->push_back(std::unique_ptr<const CatchHandler>(
+            new CatchHandler(type_id, it.GetHandlerAddress())));
+      }
+      TryItem* try_item = new TryItem(start_addr, insn_count, handlers);
+      tries->push_back(std::unique_ptr<const TryItem>(try_item));
+    }
+  }
+  // TODO: Calculate the size of the code item.
+  CodeItem* code_item =
+      new CodeItem(registers_size, ins_size, outs_size, debug_info, insns_size, insns, tries);
+  code_items_.AddItem(code_item, offset);
+  return code_item;
+}
+
+MethodItem* Collections::GenerateMethodItem(const DexFile& dex_file, ClassDataItemIterator& cdii) {
+  MethodId* method_item = GetMethodId(cdii.GetMemberIndex());
+  uint32_t access_flags = cdii.GetRawMemberAccessFlags();
+  const DexFile::CodeItem* disk_code_item = cdii.GetMethodCodeItem();
+  CodeItem* code_item = nullptr;
+  DebugInfoItem* debug_info = nullptr;
+  if (disk_code_item != nullptr) {
+    code_item = CreateCodeItem(dex_file, *disk_code_item, cdii.GetMethodCodeItemOffset());
+    debug_info = code_item->DebugInfo();
+  }
+  if (debug_info != nullptr) {
+    bool is_static = (access_flags & kAccStatic) != 0;
+    dex_file.DecodeDebugLocalInfo(
+        disk_code_item, is_static, cdii.GetMemberIndex(), GetLocalsCb, debug_info);
+    dex_file.DecodeDebugPositionInfo(disk_code_item, GetPositionsCb, debug_info);
+  }
+  return new MethodItem(access_flags, method_item, code_item);
+}
+
+ClassData* Collections::CreateClassData(
+    const DexFile& dex_file, const uint8_t* encoded_data, uint32_t offset) {
+  // Read the fields and methods defined by the class, resolving the circular reference from those
+  // to classes by setting class at the same time.
+  ClassData* class_data = nullptr;
+  if (encoded_data != nullptr) {
+    ClassDataItemIterator cdii(dex_file, encoded_data);
+    // Static fields.
+    FieldItemVector* static_fields = new FieldItemVector();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; cdii.HasNextStaticField(); i++, cdii.Next()) {
+      FieldId* field_item = GetFieldId(cdii.GetMemberIndex());
+      uint32_t access_flags = cdii.GetRawMemberAccessFlags();
+      static_fields->push_back(std::unique_ptr<FieldItem>(new FieldItem(access_flags, field_item)));
+    }
+    // Instance fields.
+    FieldItemVector* instance_fields = new FieldItemVector();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; cdii.HasNextInstanceField(); i++, cdii.Next()) {
+      FieldId* field_item = GetFieldId(cdii.GetMemberIndex());
+      uint32_t access_flags = cdii.GetRawMemberAccessFlags();
+      instance_fields->push_back(
+          std::unique_ptr<FieldItem>(new FieldItem(access_flags, field_item)));
+    }
+    // Direct methods.
+    MethodItemVector* direct_methods = new MethodItemVector();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; cdii.HasNextDirectMethod(); i++, cdii.Next()) {
+      direct_methods->push_back(
+          std::unique_ptr<MethodItem>(GenerateMethodItem(dex_file, cdii)));
+    }
+    // Virtual methods.
+    MethodItemVector* virtual_methods = new MethodItemVector();
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; cdii.HasNextVirtualMethod(); i++, cdii.Next()) {
+      virtual_methods->push_back(
+          std::unique_ptr<MethodItem>(GenerateMethodItem(dex_file, cdii)));
+    }
+    // TODO: Calculate the size of the class data.
+    class_data = new ClassData(static_fields, instance_fields, direct_methods, virtual_methods);
+    class_datas_.AddItem(class_data, offset);
+  }
+  return class_data;
+}
+
+}  // namespace dex_ir
+}  // namespace art
diff --git a/dexlayout/dex_ir.h b/dexlayout/dex_ir.h
index cbb4404..6ae9f1c 100644
--- a/dexlayout/dex_ir.h
+++ b/dexlayout/dex_ir.h
@@ -23,18 +23,23 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
+#include "leb128.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace dex_ir {
 
 // Forward declarations for classes used in containers or pointed to.
+class AnnotationItem;
 class AnnotationsDirectoryItem;
 class AnnotationSetItem;
-class ArrayItem;
+class AnnotationSetRefList;
 class ClassData;
 class ClassDef;
 class CodeItem;
 class DebugInfoItem;
+class EncodedAnnotation;
+class EncodedArrayItem;
+class EncodedValue;
 class FieldId;
 class FieldItem;
 class Header;
@@ -42,10 +47,22 @@
 class MapItem;
 class MethodId;
 class MethodItem;
+class ParameterAnnotation;
 class ProtoId;
+class StringData;
 class StringId;
 class TryItem;
 class TypeId;
+class TypeList;
+
+// Item size constants.
+static constexpr size_t kHeaderItemSize = 112;
+static constexpr size_t kStringIdItemSize = 4;
+static constexpr size_t kTypeIdItemSize = 4;
+static constexpr size_t kProtoIdItemSize = 12;
+static constexpr size_t kFieldIdItemSize = 8;
+static constexpr size_t kMethodIdItemSize = 8;
+static constexpr size_t kClassDefItemSize = 32;
 
 // Visitor support
 class AbstractDispatcher {
@@ -54,6 +71,7 @@
   virtual ~AbstractDispatcher() { }
 
   virtual void Dispatch(Header* header) = 0;
+  virtual void Dispatch(const StringData* string_data) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(const StringId* string_id) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(const TypeId* type_id) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(const ProtoId* proto_id) = 0;
@@ -63,11 +81,13 @@
   virtual void Dispatch(ClassDef* class_def) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(FieldItem* field_item) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(MethodItem* method_item) = 0;
-  virtual void Dispatch(ArrayItem* array_item) = 0;
+  virtual void Dispatch(EncodedArrayItem* array_item) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(CodeItem* code_item) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(TryItem* try_item) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(DebugInfoItem* debug_info_item) = 0;
+  virtual void Dispatch(AnnotationItem* annotation_item) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item) = 0;
+  virtual void Dispatch(AnnotationSetRefList* annotation_set_ref_list) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations_directory_item) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(MapList* map_list) = 0;
   virtual void Dispatch(MapItem* map_item) = 0;
@@ -82,9 +102,14 @@
   CollectionWithOffset() = default;
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<T>>& Collection() { return collection_; }
   // Read-time support methods
-  void AddWithPosition(uint32_t position, T* object) {
+  void AddItem(T* object, uint32_t offset) {
+    object->SetOffset(offset);
     collection_.push_back(std::unique_ptr<T>(object));
-    collection_.back()->SetOffset(position);
+  }
+  void AddIndexedItem(T* object, uint32_t offset, uint32_t index) {
+    object->SetOffset(offset);
+    object->SetIndex(index);
+    collection_.push_back(std::unique_ptr<T>(object));
   }
   // Ordinary object insertion into collection.
   void Insert(T object ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) {
@@ -98,18 +123,160 @@
  private:
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<T>> collection_;
   uint32_t offset_ = 0;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CollectionWithOffset);
 };
 
+class Collections {
+ public:
+  Collections() = default;
+
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<StringId>>& StringIds() { return string_ids_.Collection(); }
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<TypeId>>& TypeIds() { return type_ids_.Collection(); }
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ProtoId>>& ProtoIds() { return proto_ids_.Collection(); }
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<FieldId>>& FieldIds() { return field_ids_.Collection(); }
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MethodId>>& MethodIds() { return method_ids_.Collection(); }
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ClassDef>>& ClassDefs() { return class_defs_.Collection(); }
+
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<TypeList>>& TypeLists() { return type_lists_.Collection(); }
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<EncodedArrayItem>>& EncodedArrayItems()
+      { return encoded_array_items_.Collection(); }
+
+  void CreateStringId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i);
+  void CreateTypeId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i);
+  void CreateProtoId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i);
+  void CreateFieldId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i);
+  void CreateMethodId(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i);
+  void CreateClassDef(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t i);
+
+  TypeList* CreateTypeList(const DexFile::TypeList* type_list, uint32_t offset, bool allow_empty);
+  EncodedArrayItem* CreateEncodedArrayItem(const uint8_t* static_data, uint32_t offset);
+  AnnotationItem* CreateAnnotationItem(const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation, uint32_t offset);
+  AnnotationSetItem* CreateAnnotationSetItem(const DexFile& dex_file,
+      const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem& disk_annotations_item, uint32_t offset);
+  AnnotationsDirectoryItem* CreateAnnotationsDirectoryItem(const DexFile& dex_file,
+      const DexFile::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* disk_annotations_item, uint32_t offset);
+  CodeItem* CreateCodeItem(
+      const DexFile& dex_file, const DexFile::CodeItem& disk_code_item, uint32_t offset);
+  ClassData* CreateClassData(const DexFile& dex_file, const uint8_t* encoded_data, uint32_t offset);
+
+  StringId* GetStringId(uint32_t index) { return StringIds()[index].get(); }
+  TypeId* GetTypeId(uint32_t index) { return TypeIds()[index].get(); }
+  ProtoId* GetProtoId(uint32_t index) { return ProtoIds()[index].get(); }
+  FieldId* GetFieldId(uint32_t index) { return FieldIds()[index].get(); }
+  MethodId* GetMethodId(uint32_t index) { return MethodIds()[index].get(); }
+  ClassDef* GetClassDef(uint32_t index) { return ClassDefs()[index].get(); }
+
+  StringId* GetStringIdOrNullPtr(uint32_t index) {
+    return index == DexFile::kDexNoIndex ? nullptr : GetStringId(index);
+  }
+  TypeId* GetTypeIdOrNullPtr(uint16_t index) {
+    return index == DexFile::kDexNoIndex16 ? nullptr : GetTypeId(index);
+  }
+
+  uint32_t StringIdsOffset() const { return string_ids_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t TypeIdsOffset() const { return type_ids_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t ProtoIdsOffset() const { return proto_ids_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t FieldIdsOffset() const { return field_ids_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t MethodIdsOffset() const { return method_ids_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t ClassDefsOffset() const { return class_defs_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t StringDatasOffset() const { return string_datas_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t TypeListsOffset() const { return type_lists_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t EncodedArrayOffset() const { return encoded_array_items_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t AnnotationOffset() const { return annotation_items_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t AnnotationSetOffset() const { return annotation_set_items_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t AnnotationSetRefListsOffset() const { return annotation_set_ref_lists_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t AnnotationsDirectoryOffset() const { return annotations_directory_items_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t DebugInfoOffset() const { return debug_info_items_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t CodeItemsOffset() const { return code_items_.GetOffset(); }
+  uint32_t ClassDatasOffset() const { return class_datas_.GetOffset(); }
+
+  void SetStringIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { string_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetTypeIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { type_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetProtoIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { proto_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetFieldIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { field_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetMethodIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { method_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetClassDefsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { class_defs_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetStringDatasOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { string_datas_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetTypeListsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { type_lists_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetEncodedArrayOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { encoded_array_items_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetAnnotationOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { annotation_items_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetAnnotationSetOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { annotation_set_items_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetAnnotationSetRefListsOffset(uint32_t new_offset)
+      { annotation_set_ref_lists_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetAnnotationsDirectoryOffset(uint32_t new_offset)
+      { annotations_directory_items_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetDebugInfoOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { debug_info_items_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetCodeItemsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { code_items_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+  void SetClassDatasOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { class_datas_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
+
+  uint32_t StringIdsSize() const { return string_ids_.Size(); }
+  uint32_t TypeIdsSize() const { return type_ids_.Size(); }
+  uint32_t ProtoIdsSize() const { return proto_ids_.Size(); }
+  uint32_t FieldIdsSize() const { return field_ids_.Size(); }
+  uint32_t MethodIdsSize() const { return method_ids_.Size(); }
+  uint32_t ClassDefsSize() const { return class_defs_.Size(); }
+
+ private:
+  EncodedValue* ReadEncodedValue(const uint8_t** data);
+  EncodedValue* ReadEncodedValue(const uint8_t** data, uint8_t type, uint8_t length);
+  void ReadEncodedValue(const uint8_t** data, uint8_t type, uint8_t length, EncodedValue* item);
+
+  ParameterAnnotation* GenerateParameterAnnotation(const DexFile& dex_file, MethodId* method_id,
+      const DexFile::AnnotationSetRefList* annotation_set_ref_list, uint32_t offset);
+  MethodItem* GenerateMethodItem(const DexFile& dex_file, ClassDataItemIterator& cdii);
+
+  CollectionWithOffset<StringId> string_ids_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<TypeId> type_ids_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<ProtoId> proto_ids_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<FieldId> field_ids_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<MethodId> method_ids_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<ClassDef> class_defs_;
+
+  CollectionWithOffset<StringData> string_datas_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<TypeList> type_lists_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<EncodedArrayItem> encoded_array_items_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<AnnotationItem> annotation_items_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<AnnotationSetItem> annotation_set_items_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<AnnotationSetRefList> annotation_set_ref_lists_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<AnnotationsDirectoryItem> annotations_directory_items_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<DebugInfoItem> debug_info_items_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<CodeItem> code_items_;
+  CollectionWithOffset<ClassData> class_datas_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Collections);
+};
+
 class Item {
  public:
+  Item() { }
   virtual ~Item() { }
 
   uint32_t GetOffset() const { return offset_; }
+  uint32_t GetSize() const { return size_; }
   void SetOffset(uint32_t offset) { offset_ = offset; }
+  void SetSize(uint32_t size) { size_ = size; }
 
  protected:
+  Item(uint32_t offset, uint32_t size) : offset_(offset), size_(size) { }
+
   uint32_t offset_ = 0;
+  uint32_t size_ = 0;
+};
+
+class IndexedItem : public Item {
+ public:
+  IndexedItem() { }
+  virtual ~IndexedItem() { }
+
+  uint32_t GetIndex() const { return index_; }
+  void SetIndex(uint32_t index) { index_ = index; }
+
+ protected:
+  IndexedItem(uint32_t offset, uint32_t size, uint32_t index)
+      : Item(offset, size), index_(index) { }
+
+  uint32_t index_ = 0;
 };
 
 class Header : public Item {
@@ -124,7 +291,8 @@
          uint32_t link_offset,
          uint32_t data_size,
          uint32_t data_offset)
-      : checksum_(checksum),
+      : Item(0, kHeaderItemSize),
+        checksum_(checksum),
         endian_tag_(endian_tag),
         file_size_(file_size),
         header_size_(header_size),
@@ -137,6 +305,8 @@
   }
   ~Header() OVERRIDE { }
 
+  static size_t ItemSize() { return kHeaderItemSize; }
+
   const uint8_t* Magic() const { return magic_; }
   uint32_t Checksum() const { return checksum_; }
   const uint8_t* Signature() const { return signature_; }
@@ -159,39 +329,7 @@
   void SetDataSize(uint32_t new_data_size) { data_size_ = new_data_size; }
   void SetDataOffset(uint32_t new_data_offset) { data_offset_ = new_data_offset; }
 
-  // Collections.
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<StringId>>& StringIds() { return string_ids_.Collection(); }
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<TypeId>>& TypeIds() { return type_ids_.Collection(); }
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ProtoId>>& ProtoIds() { return proto_ids_.Collection(); }
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<FieldId>>& FieldIds() { return field_ids_.Collection(); }
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MethodId>>& MethodIds() { return method_ids_.Collection(); }
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ClassDef>>& ClassDefs() { return class_defs_.Collection(); }
-  uint32_t StringIdsOffset() const { return string_ids_.GetOffset(); }
-  uint32_t TypeIdsOffset() const { return type_ids_.GetOffset(); }
-  uint32_t ProtoIdsOffset() const { return proto_ids_.GetOffset(); }
-  uint32_t FieldIdsOffset() const { return field_ids_.GetOffset(); }
-  uint32_t MethodIdsOffset() const { return method_ids_.GetOffset(); }
-  uint32_t ClassDefsOffset() const { return class_defs_.GetOffset(); }
-  void SetStringIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { string_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
-  void SetTypeIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { type_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
-  void SetProtoIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { proto_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
-  void SetFieldIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { field_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
-  void SetMethodIdsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { method_ids_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
-  void SetClassDefsOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { class_defs_.SetOffset(new_offset); }
-  uint32_t StringIdsSize() const { return string_ids_.Size(); }
-  uint32_t TypeIdsSize() const { return type_ids_.Size(); }
-  uint32_t ProtoIdsSize() const { return proto_ids_.Size(); }
-  uint32_t FieldIdsSize() const { return field_ids_.Size(); }
-  uint32_t MethodIdsSize() const { return method_ids_.Size(); }
-  uint32_t ClassDefsSize() const { return class_defs_.Size(); }
-
-  TypeId* GetTypeIdOrNullPtr(uint16_t index) {
-    return index == DexFile::kDexNoIndex16 ? nullptr : TypeIds()[index].get();
-  }
-
-  StringId* GetStringIdOrNullPtr(uint32_t index) {
-    return index == DexFile::kDexNoIndex ? nullptr : StringIds()[index].get();
-  }
+  Collections& GetCollections() { return collections_; }
 
   void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
 
@@ -207,19 +345,16 @@
   uint32_t data_size_;
   uint32_t data_offset_;
 
-  CollectionWithOffset<StringId> string_ids_;
-  CollectionWithOffset<TypeId> type_ids_;
-  CollectionWithOffset<ProtoId> proto_ids_;
-  CollectionWithOffset<FieldId> field_ids_;
-  CollectionWithOffset<MethodId> method_ids_;
-  CollectionWithOffset<ClassDef> class_defs_;
+  Collections collections_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Header);
 };
 
-class StringId : public Item {
+class StringData : public Item {
  public:
-  explicit StringId(const char* data) : data_(strdup(data)) { }
-  ~StringId() OVERRIDE { }
+  explicit StringData(const char* data) : data_(strdup(data)) {
+    size_ = UnsignedLeb128Size(strlen(data)) + strlen(data);
+  }
 
   const char* Data() const { return data_.get(); }
 
@@ -227,50 +362,95 @@
 
  private:
   std::unique_ptr<const char> data_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(StringData);
+};
+
+class StringId : public IndexedItem {
+ public:
+  explicit StringId(StringData* string_data) : string_data_(string_data) {
+    size_ = kStringIdItemSize;
+  }
+  ~StringId() OVERRIDE { }
+
+  static size_t ItemSize() { return kStringIdItemSize; }
+
+  const char* Data() const { return string_data_->Data(); }
+  StringData* DataItem() const { return string_data_; }
+
+  void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) const { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
+
+ private:
+  StringData* string_data_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(StringId);
 };
 
-class TypeId : public Item {
+class TypeId : public IndexedItem {
  public:
-  explicit TypeId(StringId* string_id) : string_id_(string_id) { }
+  explicit TypeId(StringId* string_id) : string_id_(string_id) { size_ = kTypeIdItemSize; }
   ~TypeId() OVERRIDE { }
 
+  static size_t ItemSize() { return kTypeIdItemSize; }
+
   StringId* GetStringId() const { return string_id_; }
 
   void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) const { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
 
  private:
   StringId* string_id_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeId);
 };
 
 using TypeIdVector = std::vector<const TypeId*>;
 
-class ProtoId : public Item {
+class TypeList : public Item {
  public:
-  ProtoId(const StringId* shorty, const TypeId* return_type, TypeIdVector* parameters)
-      : shorty_(shorty), return_type_(return_type), parameters_(parameters) { }
+  explicit TypeList(TypeIdVector* type_list) : type_list_(type_list) {
+    size_ = sizeof(uint32_t) + (type_list->size() * sizeof(uint16_t));
+  }
+  ~TypeList() OVERRIDE { }
+
+  const TypeIdVector* GetTypeList() const { return type_list_.get(); }
+
+ private:
+  std::unique_ptr<TypeIdVector> type_list_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeList);
+};
+
+class ProtoId : public IndexedItem {
+ public:
+  ProtoId(const StringId* shorty, const TypeId* return_type, TypeList* parameters)
+      : shorty_(shorty), return_type_(return_type), parameters_(parameters)
+      { size_ = kProtoIdItemSize; }
   ~ProtoId() OVERRIDE { }
 
+  static size_t ItemSize() { return kProtoIdItemSize; }
+
   const StringId* Shorty() const { return shorty_; }
   const TypeId* ReturnType() const { return return_type_; }
-  const std::vector<const TypeId*>& Parameters() const { return *parameters_; }
+  const TypeIdVector& Parameters() const { return *parameters_->GetTypeList(); }
 
   void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) const { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
 
  private:
   const StringId* shorty_;
   const TypeId* return_type_;
-  std::unique_ptr<TypeIdVector> parameters_;
+  TypeList* parameters_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ProtoId);
 };
 
-class FieldId : public Item {
+class FieldId : public IndexedItem {
  public:
   FieldId(const TypeId* klass, const TypeId* type, const StringId* name)
-      : class_(klass), type_(type), name_(name) { }
+      : class_(klass), type_(type), name_(name) { size_ = kFieldIdItemSize; }
   ~FieldId() OVERRIDE { }
 
+  static size_t ItemSize() { return kFieldIdItemSize; }
+
   const TypeId* Class() const { return class_; }
   const TypeId* Type() const { return type_; }
   const StringId* Name() const { return name_; }
@@ -281,15 +461,18 @@
   const TypeId* class_;
   const TypeId* type_;
   const StringId* name_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(FieldId);
 };
 
-class MethodId : public Item {
+class MethodId : public IndexedItem {
  public:
   MethodId(const TypeId* klass, const ProtoId* proto, const StringId* name)
-      : class_(klass), proto_(proto), name_(name) { }
+      : class_(klass), proto_(proto), name_(name) { size_ = kMethodIdItemSize; }
   ~MethodId() OVERRIDE { }
 
+  static size_t ItemSize() { return kMethodIdItemSize; }
+
   const TypeId* Class() const { return class_; }
   const ProtoId* Proto() const { return proto_; }
   const StringId* Name() const { return name_; }
@@ -300,6 +483,7 @@
   const TypeId* class_;
   const ProtoId* proto_;
   const StringId* name_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MethodId);
 };
 
@@ -317,6 +501,7 @@
  private:
   uint32_t access_flags_;
   const FieldId* field_id_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(FieldItem);
 };
 
@@ -330,93 +515,126 @@
 
   uint32_t GetAccessFlags() const { return access_flags_; }
   const MethodId* GetMethodId() const { return method_id_; }
-  const CodeItem* GetCodeItem() const { return code_.get(); }
+  const CodeItem* GetCodeItem() const { return code_; }
 
   void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
 
  private:
   uint32_t access_flags_;
   const MethodId* method_id_;
-  std::unique_ptr<const CodeItem> code_;
+  const CodeItem* code_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MethodItem);
 };
 
 using MethodItemVector = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MethodItem>>;
 
-class ArrayItem : public Item {
+class EncodedValue {
  public:
-  class NameValuePair {
-   public:
-    NameValuePair(StringId* name, ArrayItem* value)
-        : name_(name), value_(value) { }
-
-    StringId* Name() const { return name_; }
-    ArrayItem* Value() const { return value_.get(); }
-
-   private:
-    StringId* name_;
-    std::unique_ptr<ArrayItem> value_;
-    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(NameValuePair);
-  };
-
-  struct ArrayItemVariant {
-   public:
-    union {
-      bool bool_val_;
-      int8_t byte_val_;
-      int16_t short_val_;
-      uint16_t char_val_;
-      int32_t int_val_;
-      int64_t long_val_;
-      float float_val_;
-      double double_val_;
-      StringId* string_val_;
-      FieldId* field_val_;
-      MethodId* method_val_;
-    } u_;
-    std::unique_ptr<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ArrayItem>>> annotation_array_val_;
-    struct {
-      StringId* string_;
-      std::unique_ptr<std::vector<std::unique_ptr<NameValuePair>>> array_;
-    } annotation_annotation_val_;
-  };
-
-  explicit ArrayItem(uint8_t type) : type_(type) { }
-  ~ArrayItem() OVERRIDE { }
+  explicit EncodedValue(uint8_t type) : type_(type) { }
 
   int8_t Type() const { return type_; }
-  bool GetBoolean() const { return item_.u_.bool_val_; }
-  int8_t GetByte() const { return item_.u_.byte_val_; }
-  int16_t GetShort() const { return item_.u_.short_val_; }
-  uint16_t GetChar() const { return item_.u_.char_val_; }
-  int32_t GetInt() const { return item_.u_.int_val_; }
-  int64_t GetLong() const { return item_.u_.long_val_; }
-  float GetFloat() const { return item_.u_.float_val_; }
-  double GetDouble() const { return item_.u_.double_val_; }
-  StringId* GetStringId() const { return item_.u_.string_val_; }
-  FieldId* GetFieldId() const { return item_.u_.field_val_; }
-  MethodId* GetMethodId() const { return item_.u_.method_val_; }
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ArrayItem>>* GetAnnotationArray() const {
-    return item_.annotation_array_val_.get();
-  }
-  StringId* GetAnnotationAnnotationString() const {
-    return item_.annotation_annotation_val_.string_;
-  }
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<NameValuePair>>* GetAnnotationAnnotationNameValuePairArray() const {
-    return item_.annotation_annotation_val_.array_.get();
-  }
-  // Used to construct the item union.  Ugly, but necessary.
-  ArrayItemVariant* GetArrayItemVariant() { return &item_; }
 
-  void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
+  void SetBoolean(bool z) { u_.bool_val_ = z; }
+  void SetByte(int8_t b) { u_.byte_val_ = b; }
+  void SetShort(int16_t s) { u_.short_val_ = s; }
+  void SetChar(uint16_t c) { u_.char_val_ = c; }
+  void SetInt(int32_t i) { u_.int_val_ = i; }
+  void SetLong(int64_t l) { u_.long_val_ = l; }
+  void SetFloat(float f) { u_.float_val_ = f; }
+  void SetDouble(double d) { u_.double_val_ = d; }
+  void SetStringId(StringId* string_id) { u_.string_val_ = string_id; }
+  void SetTypeId(TypeId* type_id) { u_.type_val_ = type_id; }
+  void SetFieldId(FieldId* field_id) { u_.field_val_ = field_id; }
+  void SetMethodId(MethodId* method_id) { u_.method_val_ = method_id; }
+  void SetEncodedArray(EncodedArrayItem* encoded_array) { encoded_array_.reset(encoded_array); }
+  void SetEncodedAnnotation(EncodedAnnotation* encoded_annotation)
+      { encoded_annotation_.reset(encoded_annotation); }
+
+  bool GetBoolean() const { return u_.bool_val_; }
+  int8_t GetByte() const { return u_.byte_val_; }
+  int16_t GetShort() const { return u_.short_val_; }
+  uint16_t GetChar() const { return u_.char_val_; }
+  int32_t GetInt() const { return u_.int_val_; }
+  int64_t GetLong() const { return u_.long_val_; }
+  float GetFloat() const { return u_.float_val_; }
+  double GetDouble() const { return u_.double_val_; }
+  StringId* GetStringId() const { return u_.string_val_; }
+  TypeId* GetTypeId() const { return u_.type_val_; }
+  FieldId* GetFieldId() const { return u_.field_val_; }
+  MethodId* GetMethodId() const { return u_.method_val_; }
+  EncodedArrayItem* GetEncodedArray() const { return encoded_array_.get(); }
+  EncodedAnnotation* GetEncodedAnnotation() const { return encoded_annotation_.get(); }
+
+  EncodedAnnotation* ReleaseEncodedAnnotation() { return encoded_annotation_.release(); }
 
  private:
   uint8_t type_;
-  ArrayItemVariant item_;
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ArrayItem);
+  union {
+    bool bool_val_;
+    int8_t byte_val_;
+    int16_t short_val_;
+    uint16_t char_val_;
+    int32_t int_val_;
+    int64_t long_val_;
+    float float_val_;
+    double double_val_;
+    StringId* string_val_;
+    TypeId* type_val_;
+    FieldId* field_val_;
+    MethodId* method_val_;
+  } u_;
+  std::unique_ptr<EncodedArrayItem> encoded_array_;
+  std::unique_ptr<EncodedAnnotation> encoded_annotation_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EncodedValue);
 };
 
-using ArrayItemVector = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ArrayItem>>;
+using EncodedValueVector = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<EncodedValue>>;
+
+class AnnotationElement {
+ public:
+  AnnotationElement(StringId* name, EncodedValue* value) : name_(name), value_(value) { }
+
+  StringId* GetName() const { return name_; }
+  EncodedValue* GetValue() const { return value_.get(); }
+
+ private:
+  StringId* name_;
+  std::unique_ptr<EncodedValue> value_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AnnotationElement);
+};
+
+using AnnotationElementVector = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<AnnotationElement>>;
+
+class EncodedAnnotation {
+ public:
+  EncodedAnnotation(TypeId* type, AnnotationElementVector* elements)
+      : type_(type), elements_(elements) { }
+
+  TypeId* GetType() const { return type_; }
+  AnnotationElementVector* GetAnnotationElements() const { return elements_.get(); }
+
+ private:
+  TypeId* type_;
+  std::unique_ptr<AnnotationElementVector> elements_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EncodedAnnotation);
+};
+
+class EncodedArrayItem : public Item {
+ public:
+  explicit EncodedArrayItem(EncodedValueVector* encoded_values)
+      : encoded_values_(encoded_values) { }
+
+  EncodedValueVector* GetEncodedValues() const { return encoded_values_.get(); }
+
+ private:
+  std::unique_ptr<EncodedValueVector> encoded_values_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EncodedArrayItem);
+};
 
 class ClassData : public Item {
  public:
@@ -442,42 +660,43 @@
   std::unique_ptr<FieldItemVector> instance_fields_;
   std::unique_ptr<MethodItemVector> direct_methods_;
   std::unique_ptr<MethodItemVector> virtual_methods_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ClassData);
 };
 
-class ClassDef : public Item {
+class ClassDef : public IndexedItem {
  public:
   ClassDef(const TypeId* class_type,
            uint32_t access_flags,
            const TypeId* superclass,
-           TypeIdVector* interfaces,
-           uint32_t interfaces_offset,
+           TypeList* interfaces,
            const StringId* source_file,
            AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations,
-           ArrayItemVector* static_values,
+           EncodedArrayItem* static_values,
            ClassData* class_data)
       : class_type_(class_type),
         access_flags_(access_flags),
         superclass_(superclass),
         interfaces_(interfaces),
-        interfaces_offset_(interfaces_offset),
         source_file_(source_file),
         annotations_(annotations),
         static_values_(static_values),
-        class_data_(class_data) { }
+        class_data_(class_data) { size_ = kClassDefItemSize; }
 
   ~ClassDef() OVERRIDE { }
 
+  static size_t ItemSize() { return kClassDefItemSize; }
+
   const TypeId* ClassType() const { return class_type_; }
   uint32_t GetAccessFlags() const { return access_flags_; }
   const TypeId* Superclass() const { return superclass_; }
-  TypeIdVector* Interfaces() { return interfaces_.get(); }
-  uint32_t InterfacesOffset() const { return interfaces_offset_; }
-  void SetInterfacesOffset(uint32_t new_offset) { interfaces_offset_ = new_offset; }
+  const TypeIdVector* Interfaces()
+      { return interfaces_ == nullptr ? nullptr: interfaces_->GetTypeList(); }
+  uint32_t InterfacesOffset() { return interfaces_ == nullptr ? 0 : interfaces_->GetOffset(); }
   const StringId* SourceFile() const { return source_file_; }
-  AnnotationsDirectoryItem* Annotations() const { return annotations_.get(); }
-  ArrayItemVector* StaticValues() { return static_values_.get(); }
-  ClassData* GetClassData() { return class_data_.get(); }
+  AnnotationsDirectoryItem* Annotations() const { return annotations_; }
+  EncodedArrayItem* StaticValues() { return static_values_; }
+  ClassData* GetClassData() { return class_data_; }
 
   MethodItem* GenerateMethodItem(Header& header, ClassDataItemIterator& cdii);
 
@@ -487,12 +706,12 @@
   const TypeId* class_type_;
   uint32_t access_flags_;
   const TypeId* superclass_;
-  std::unique_ptr<TypeIdVector> interfaces_;
-  uint32_t interfaces_offset_;
+  TypeList* interfaces_;
   const StringId* source_file_;
-  std::unique_ptr<AnnotationsDirectoryItem> annotations_;
-  std::unique_ptr<ArrayItemVector> static_values_;
-  std::unique_ptr<ClassData> class_data_;
+  AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations_;
+  EncodedArrayItem* static_values_;
+  ClassData* class_data_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ClassDef);
 };
 
@@ -506,6 +725,7 @@
  private:
   const TypeId* type_id_;
   uint32_t address_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CatchHandler);
 };
 
@@ -527,6 +747,7 @@
   uint32_t start_addr_;
   uint16_t insn_count_;
   std::unique_ptr<CatchHandlerVector> handlers_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TryItem);
 };
 
@@ -555,7 +776,7 @@
   uint16_t InsSize() const { return ins_size_; }
   uint16_t OutsSize() const { return outs_size_; }
   uint16_t TriesSize() const { return tries_ == nullptr ? 0 : tries_->size(); }
-  DebugInfoItem* DebugInfo() const { return debug_info_.get(); }
+  DebugInfoItem* DebugInfo() const { return debug_info_; }
   uint32_t InsnsSize() const { return insns_size_; }
   uint16_t* Insns() const { return insns_.get(); }
   TryItemVector* Tries() const { return tries_.get(); }
@@ -566,14 +787,14 @@
   uint16_t registers_size_;
   uint16_t ins_size_;
   uint16_t outs_size_;
-  std::unique_ptr<DebugInfoItem> debug_info_;
+  DebugInfoItem* debug_info_;
   uint32_t insns_size_;
   std::unique_ptr<uint16_t[]> insns_;
   std::unique_ptr<TryItemVector> tries_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CodeItem);
 };
 
-
 struct PositionInfo {
   PositionInfo(uint32_t address, uint32_t line) : address_(address), line_(line) { }
 
@@ -617,39 +838,60 @@
  private:
   PositionInfoVector positions_;
   LocalInfoVector locals_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(DebugInfoItem);
 };
 
-class AnnotationItem {
+class AnnotationItem : public Item {
  public:
-  AnnotationItem(uint8_t visibility, ArrayItem* item) : visibility_(visibility), item_(item) { }
+  AnnotationItem(uint8_t visibility, EncodedAnnotation* annotation)
+      : visibility_(visibility), annotation_(annotation) { }
 
   uint8_t GetVisibility() const { return visibility_; }
-  ArrayItem* GetItem() const { return item_.get(); }
-
- private:
-  uint8_t visibility_;
-  std::unique_ptr<ArrayItem> item_;
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AnnotationItem);
-};
-
-using AnnotationItemVector = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<AnnotationItem>>;
-
-class AnnotationSetItem : public Item {
- public:
-  explicit AnnotationSetItem(AnnotationItemVector* items) : items_(items) { }
-  ~AnnotationSetItem() OVERRIDE { }
-
-  AnnotationItemVector* GetItems() { return items_.get(); }
+  EncodedAnnotation* GetAnnotation() const { return annotation_.get(); }
 
   void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
 
  private:
-  std::unique_ptr<AnnotationItemVector> items_;
+  uint8_t visibility_;
+  std::unique_ptr<EncodedAnnotation> annotation_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AnnotationItem);
+};
+
+class AnnotationSetItem : public Item {
+ public:
+  explicit AnnotationSetItem(std::vector<AnnotationItem*>* items) : items_(items) {
+    size_ = sizeof(uint32_t) + items->size() * sizeof(uint32_t);
+  }
+  ~AnnotationSetItem() OVERRIDE { }
+
+  std::vector<AnnotationItem*>* GetItems() { return items_.get(); }
+
+  void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
+
+ private:
+  std::unique_ptr<std::vector<AnnotationItem*>> items_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AnnotationSetItem);
 };
 
-using AnnotationSetItemVector = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<AnnotationSetItem>>;
+class AnnotationSetRefList : public Item {
+ public:
+  explicit AnnotationSetRefList(std::vector<AnnotationSetItem*>* items) : items_(items) {
+    size_ = sizeof(uint32_t) + items->size() * sizeof(uint32_t);
+  }
+  ~AnnotationSetRefList() OVERRIDE { }
+
+  std::vector<AnnotationSetItem*>* GetItems() { return items_.get(); }
+
+  void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
+
+ private:
+  std::unique_ptr<std::vector<AnnotationSetItem*>> items_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AnnotationSetRefList);
+};
 
 class FieldAnnotation {
  public:
@@ -657,11 +899,12 @@
       : field_id_(field_id), annotation_set_item_(annotation_set_item) { }
 
   FieldId* GetFieldId() const { return field_id_; }
-  AnnotationSetItem* GetAnnotationSetItem() const { return annotation_set_item_.get(); }
+  AnnotationSetItem* GetAnnotationSetItem() const { return annotation_set_item_; }
 
  private:
   FieldId* field_id_;
-  std::unique_ptr<AnnotationSetItem> annotation_set_item_;
+  AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(FieldAnnotation);
 };
 
@@ -673,11 +916,12 @@
       : method_id_(method_id), annotation_set_item_(annotation_set_item) { }
 
   MethodId* GetMethodId() const { return method_id_; }
-  AnnotationSetItem* GetAnnotationSetItem() const { return annotation_set_item_.get(); }
+  AnnotationSetItem* GetAnnotationSetItem() const { return annotation_set_item_; }
 
  private:
   MethodId* method_id_;
-  std::unique_ptr<AnnotationSetItem> annotation_set_item_;
+  AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MethodAnnotation);
 };
 
@@ -685,15 +929,16 @@
 
 class ParameterAnnotation {
  public:
-  ParameterAnnotation(MethodId* method_id, AnnotationSetItemVector* annotations)
+  ParameterAnnotation(MethodId* method_id, AnnotationSetRefList* annotations)
       : method_id_(method_id), annotations_(annotations) { }
 
   MethodId* GetMethodId() const { return method_id_; }
-  AnnotationSetItemVector* GetAnnotations() { return annotations_.get(); }
+  AnnotationSetRefList* GetAnnotations() { return annotations_; }
 
  private:
   MethodId* method_id_;
-  std::unique_ptr<AnnotationSetItemVector> annotations_;
+  AnnotationSetRefList* annotations_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ParameterAnnotation);
 };
 
@@ -710,7 +955,7 @@
         method_annotations_(method_annotations),
         parameter_annotations_(parameter_annotations) { }
 
-  AnnotationSetItem* GetClassAnnotation() const { return class_annotation_.get(); }
+  AnnotationSetItem* GetClassAnnotation() const { return class_annotation_; }
   FieldAnnotationVector* GetFieldAnnotations() { return field_annotations_.get(); }
   MethodAnnotationVector* GetMethodAnnotations() { return method_annotations_.get(); }
   ParameterAnnotationVector* GetParameterAnnotations() { return parameter_annotations_.get(); }
@@ -718,10 +963,11 @@
   void Accept(AbstractDispatcher* dispatch) { dispatch->Dispatch(this); }
 
  private:
-  std::unique_ptr<AnnotationSetItem> class_annotation_;
+  AnnotationSetItem* class_annotation_;
   std::unique_ptr<FieldAnnotationVector> field_annotations_;
   std::unique_ptr<MethodAnnotationVector> method_annotations_;
   std::unique_ptr<ParameterAnnotationVector> parameter_annotations_;
+
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AnnotationsDirectoryItem);
 };
 
diff --git a/dexlayout/dex_ir_builder.cc b/dexlayout/dex_ir_builder.cc
index 30f57d9..e6868d7 100644
--- a/dexlayout/dex_ir_builder.cc
+++ b/dexlayout/dex_ir_builder.cc
@@ -24,401 +24,6 @@
 namespace art {
 namespace dex_ir {
 
-namespace {
-
-static uint64_t ReadVarWidth(const uint8_t** data, uint8_t length, bool sign_extend) {
-  uint64_t value = 0;
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= length; i++) {
-    value |= static_cast<uint64_t>(*(*data)++) << (i * 8);
-  }
-  if (sign_extend) {
-    int shift = (7 - length) * 8;
-    return (static_cast<int64_t>(value) << shift) >> shift;
-  }
-  return value;
-}
-
-// Prototype to break cyclic dependency.
-void ReadArrayItemVariant(Header& header,
-                          const uint8_t** data,
-                          uint8_t type,
-                          uint8_t length,
-                          ArrayItem::ArrayItemVariant* item);
-
-ArrayItem* ReadArrayItem(Header& header, const uint8_t** data, uint8_t type, uint8_t length) {
-  ArrayItem* item = new ArrayItem(type);
-  ReadArrayItemVariant(header, data, type, length, item->GetArrayItemVariant());
-  return item;
-}
-
-ArrayItem* ReadArrayItem(Header& header, const uint8_t** data) {
-  const uint8_t encoded_value = *(*data)++;
-  const uint8_t type = encoded_value & 0x1f;
-  ArrayItem* item = new ArrayItem(type);
-  ReadArrayItemVariant(header, data, type, encoded_value >> 5, item->GetArrayItemVariant());
-  return item;
-}
-
-void ReadArrayItemVariant(Header& header,
-                          const uint8_t** data,
-                          uint8_t type,
-                          uint8_t length,
-                          ArrayItem::ArrayItemVariant* item) {
-  switch (type) {
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationByte:
-      item->u_.byte_val_ = static_cast<int8_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
-      break;
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationShort:
-      item->u_.short_val_ = static_cast<int16_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, true));
-      break;
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationChar:
-      item->u_.char_val_ = static_cast<uint16_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
-      break;
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationInt:
-      item->u_.int_val_ = static_cast<int32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, true));
-      break;
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationLong:
-      item->u_.long_val_ = static_cast<int64_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, true));
-      break;
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationFloat: {
-      // Fill on right.
-      union {
-        float f;
-        uint32_t data;
-      } conv;
-      conv.data = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false)) << (3 - length) * 8;
-      item->u_.float_val_ = conv.f;
-      break;
-    }
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationDouble: {
-      // Fill on right.
-      union {
-        double d;
-        uint64_t data;
-      } conv;
-      conv.data = ReadVarWidth(data, length, false) << (7 - length) * 8;
-      item->u_.double_val_ = conv.d;
-      break;
-    }
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationString: {
-      const uint32_t string_index = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
-      item->u_.string_val_ = header.StringIds()[string_index].get();
-      break;
-    }
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationType: {
-      const uint32_t string_index = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
-      item->u_.string_val_ = header.TypeIds()[string_index]->GetStringId();
-      break;
-    }
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationField:
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationEnum: {
-      const uint32_t field_index = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
-      item->u_.field_val_ = header.FieldIds()[field_index].get();
-      break;
-    }
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationMethod: {
-      const uint32_t method_index = static_cast<uint32_t>(ReadVarWidth(data, length, false));
-      item->u_.method_val_ = header.MethodIds()[method_index].get();
-      break;
-    }
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationArray: {
-      item->annotation_array_val_.reset(new ArrayItemVector());
-      // Decode all elements.
-      const uint32_t size = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(data);
-      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        item->annotation_array_val_->push_back(
-            std::unique_ptr<ArrayItem>(ReadArrayItem(header, data)));
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationAnnotation: {
-      const uint32_t type_idx = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(data);
-      item->annotation_annotation_val_.string_ = header.TypeIds()[type_idx]->GetStringId();
-      item->annotation_annotation_val_.array_.reset(
-          new std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ArrayItem::NameValuePair>>());
-      // Decode all name=value pairs.
-      const uint32_t size = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(data);
-      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-        const uint32_t name_index = DecodeUnsignedLeb128(data);
-        item->annotation_annotation_val_.array_->push_back(
-            std::unique_ptr<ArrayItem::NameValuePair>(
-                new ArrayItem::NameValuePair(header.StringIds()[name_index].get(),
-                                             ReadArrayItem(header, data))));
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationNull:
-      break;
-    case DexFile::kDexAnnotationBoolean:
-      item->u_.bool_val_ = (length != 0);
-      break;
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-}
-
-static bool GetPositionsCb(void* context, const DexFile::PositionInfo& entry) {
-  DebugInfoItem* debug_info = reinterpret_cast<DebugInfoItem*>(context);
-  PositionInfoVector& positions = debug_info->GetPositionInfo();
-  positions.push_back(std::unique_ptr<PositionInfo>(new PositionInfo(entry.address_, entry.line_)));
-  return false;
-}
-
-static void GetLocalsCb(void* context, const DexFile::LocalInfo& entry) {
-  DebugInfoItem* debug_info = reinterpret_cast<DebugInfoItem*>(context);
-  LocalInfoVector& locals = debug_info->GetLocalInfo();
-  const char* name = entry.name_ != nullptr ? entry.name_ : "(null)";
-  const char* signature = entry.signature_ != nullptr ? entry.signature_ : "";
-  locals.push_back(std::unique_ptr<LocalInfo>(
-      new LocalInfo(name, entry.descriptor_, signature, entry.start_address_,
-                    entry.end_address_, entry.reg_)));
-}
-
-CodeItem* ReadCodeItem(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                       const DexFile::CodeItem& disk_code_item,
-                       Header& header) {
-  uint16_t registers_size = disk_code_item.registers_size_;
-  uint16_t ins_size = disk_code_item.ins_size_;
-  uint16_t outs_size = disk_code_item.outs_size_;
-  uint32_t tries_size = disk_code_item.tries_size_;
-
-  const uint8_t* debug_info_stream = dex_file.GetDebugInfoStream(&disk_code_item);
-  DebugInfoItem* debug_info = nullptr;
-  if (debug_info_stream != nullptr) {
-    debug_info = new DebugInfoItem();
-  }
-
-  uint32_t insns_size = disk_code_item.insns_size_in_code_units_;
-  uint16_t* insns = new uint16_t[insns_size];
-  memcpy(insns, disk_code_item.insns_, insns_size * sizeof(uint16_t));
-
-  TryItemVector* tries = nullptr;
-  if (tries_size > 0) {
-    tries = new TryItemVector();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < tries_size; ++i) {
-      const DexFile::TryItem* disk_try_item = dex_file.GetTryItems(disk_code_item, i);
-      uint32_t start_addr = disk_try_item->start_addr_;
-      uint16_t insn_count = disk_try_item->insn_count_;
-      CatchHandlerVector* handlers = new CatchHandlerVector();
-      for (CatchHandlerIterator it(disk_code_item, *disk_try_item); it.HasNext(); it.Next()) {
-        const uint16_t type_index = it.GetHandlerTypeIndex();
-        const TypeId* type_id = header.GetTypeIdOrNullPtr(type_index);
-        handlers->push_back(std::unique_ptr<const CatchHandler>(
-            new CatchHandler(type_id, it.GetHandlerAddress())));
-      }
-      TryItem* try_item = new TryItem(start_addr, insn_count, handlers);
-      tries->push_back(std::unique_ptr<const TryItem>(try_item));
-    }
-  }
-  return new CodeItem(registers_size, ins_size, outs_size, debug_info, insns_size, insns, tries);
-}
-
-MethodItem* GenerateMethodItem(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                               dex_ir::Header& header,
-                               ClassDataItemIterator& cdii) {
-  MethodId* method_item = header.MethodIds()[cdii.GetMemberIndex()].get();
-  uint32_t access_flags = cdii.GetRawMemberAccessFlags();
-  const DexFile::CodeItem* disk_code_item = cdii.GetMethodCodeItem();
-  CodeItem* code_item = nullptr;
-  DebugInfoItem* debug_info = nullptr;
-  if (disk_code_item != nullptr) {
-    code_item = ReadCodeItem(dex_file, *disk_code_item, header);
-    code_item->SetOffset(cdii.GetMethodCodeItemOffset());
-    debug_info = code_item->DebugInfo();
-  }
-  if (debug_info != nullptr) {
-    bool is_static = (access_flags & kAccStatic) != 0;
-    dex_file.DecodeDebugLocalInfo(
-        disk_code_item, is_static, cdii.GetMemberIndex(), GetLocalsCb, debug_info);
-    dex_file.DecodeDebugPositionInfo(disk_code_item, GetPositionsCb, debug_info);
-  }
-  return new MethodItem(access_flags, method_item, code_item);
-}
-
-AnnotationSetItem* ReadAnnotationSetItem(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                                         const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem& disk_annotations_item,
-                                         Header& header) {
-  if (disk_annotations_item.size_ == 0) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  AnnotationItemVector* items = new AnnotationItemVector();
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < disk_annotations_item.size_; ++i) {
-    const DexFile::AnnotationItem* annotation =
-        dex_file.GetAnnotationItem(&disk_annotations_item, i);
-    if (annotation == nullptr) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    uint8_t visibility = annotation->visibility_;
-    const uint8_t* annotation_data = annotation->annotation_;
-    ArrayItem* array_item =
-        ReadArrayItem(header, &annotation_data, DexFile::kDexAnnotationAnnotation, 0);
-    items->push_back(std::unique_ptr<AnnotationItem>(new AnnotationItem(visibility, array_item)));
-  }
-  return new AnnotationSetItem(items);
-}
-
-ParameterAnnotation* ReadParameterAnnotation(
-    const DexFile& dex_file,
-    MethodId* method_id,
-    const DexFile::AnnotationSetRefList* annotation_set_ref_list,
-    Header& header) {
-  AnnotationSetItemVector* annotations = new AnnotationSetItemVector();
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < annotation_set_ref_list->size_; ++i) {
-    const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item =
-        dex_file.GetSetRefItemItem(&annotation_set_ref_list->list_[i]);
-    annotations->push_back(std::unique_ptr<AnnotationSetItem>(
-        ReadAnnotationSetItem(dex_file, *annotation_set_item, header)));
-  }
-  return new ParameterAnnotation(method_id, annotations);
-}
-
-AnnotationsDirectoryItem* ReadAnnotationsDirectoryItem(
-    const DexFile& dex_file,
-    const DexFile::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* disk_annotations_item,
-    Header& header) {
-  const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* class_set_item =
-      dex_file.GetClassAnnotationSet(disk_annotations_item);
-  AnnotationSetItem* class_annotation = nullptr;
-  if (class_set_item != nullptr) {
-    class_annotation = ReadAnnotationSetItem(dex_file, *class_set_item, header);
-  }
-  const DexFile::FieldAnnotationsItem* fields =
-      dex_file.GetFieldAnnotations(disk_annotations_item);
-  FieldAnnotationVector* field_annotations = nullptr;
-  if (fields != nullptr) {
-    field_annotations = new FieldAnnotationVector();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < disk_annotations_item->fields_size_; ++i) {
-      FieldId* field_id = header.FieldIds()[fields[i].field_idx_].get();
-      const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* field_set_item =
-          dex_file.GetFieldAnnotationSetItem(fields[i]);
-      AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item =
-          ReadAnnotationSetItem(dex_file, *field_set_item, header);
-      field_annotations->push_back(std::unique_ptr<FieldAnnotation>(
-          new FieldAnnotation(field_id, annotation_set_item)));
-    }
-  }
-  const DexFile::MethodAnnotationsItem* methods =
-      dex_file.GetMethodAnnotations(disk_annotations_item);
-  MethodAnnotationVector* method_annotations = nullptr;
-  if (methods != nullptr) {
-    method_annotations = new MethodAnnotationVector();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < disk_annotations_item->methods_size_; ++i) {
-      MethodId* method_id = header.MethodIds()[methods[i].method_idx_].get();
-      const DexFile::AnnotationSetItem* method_set_item =
-          dex_file.GetMethodAnnotationSetItem(methods[i]);
-      AnnotationSetItem* annotation_set_item =
-          ReadAnnotationSetItem(dex_file, *method_set_item, header);
-      method_annotations->push_back(std::unique_ptr<MethodAnnotation>(
-          new MethodAnnotation(method_id, annotation_set_item)));
-    }
-  }
-  const DexFile::ParameterAnnotationsItem* parameters =
-      dex_file.GetParameterAnnotations(disk_annotations_item);
-  ParameterAnnotationVector* parameter_annotations = nullptr;
-  if (parameters != nullptr) {
-    parameter_annotations = new ParameterAnnotationVector();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < disk_annotations_item->parameters_size_; ++i) {
-      MethodId* method_id = header.MethodIds()[parameters[i].method_idx_].get();
-      const DexFile::AnnotationSetRefList* list =
-          dex_file.GetParameterAnnotationSetRefList(&parameters[i]);
-      parameter_annotations->push_back(std::unique_ptr<ParameterAnnotation>(
-          ReadParameterAnnotation(dex_file, method_id, list, header)));
-    }
-  }
-
-  return new AnnotationsDirectoryItem(class_annotation,
-                                      field_annotations,
-                                      method_annotations,
-                                      parameter_annotations);
-}
-
-ClassDef* ReadClassDef(const DexFile& dex_file,
-                       const DexFile::ClassDef& disk_class_def,
-                       Header& header) {
-  const TypeId* class_type = header.TypeIds()[disk_class_def.class_idx_].get();
-  uint32_t access_flags = disk_class_def.access_flags_;
-  const TypeId* superclass = header.GetTypeIdOrNullPtr(disk_class_def.superclass_idx_);
-
-  TypeIdVector* interfaces = nullptr;
-  const DexFile::TypeList* type_list = dex_file.GetInterfacesList(disk_class_def);
-  uint32_t interfaces_offset = disk_class_def.interfaces_off_;
-  if (type_list != nullptr) {
-    interfaces = new TypeIdVector();
-    for (uint32_t index = 0; index < type_list->Size(); ++index) {
-      interfaces->push_back(header.TypeIds()[type_list->GetTypeItem(index).type_idx_].get());
-    }
-  }
-  const StringId* source_file = header.GetStringIdOrNullPtr(disk_class_def.source_file_idx_);
-  // Annotations.
-  AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations = nullptr;
-  const DexFile::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* disk_annotations_directory_item =
-      dex_file.GetAnnotationsDirectory(disk_class_def);
-  if (disk_annotations_directory_item != nullptr) {
-    annotations = ReadAnnotationsDirectoryItem(dex_file, disk_annotations_directory_item, header);
-    annotations->SetOffset(disk_class_def.annotations_off_);
-  }
-  // Static field initializers.
-  ArrayItemVector* static_values = nullptr;
-  const uint8_t* static_data = dex_file.GetEncodedStaticFieldValuesArray(disk_class_def);
-  if (static_data != nullptr) {
-    uint32_t static_value_count = static_data == nullptr ? 0 : DecodeUnsignedLeb128(&static_data);
-    if (static_value_count > 0) {
-      static_values = new ArrayItemVector();
-      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < static_value_count; ++i) {
-        static_values->push_back(std::unique_ptr<ArrayItem>(ReadArrayItem(header, &static_data)));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  // Read the fields and methods defined by the class, resolving the circular reference from those
-  // to classes by setting class at the same time.
-  const uint8_t* encoded_data = dex_file.GetClassData(disk_class_def);
-  ClassData* class_data = nullptr;
-  if (encoded_data != nullptr) {
-    uint32_t offset = disk_class_def.class_data_off_;
-    ClassDataItemIterator cdii(dex_file, encoded_data);
-    // Static fields.
-    FieldItemVector* static_fields = new FieldItemVector();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; cdii.HasNextStaticField(); i++, cdii.Next()) {
-      FieldId* field_item = header.FieldIds()[cdii.GetMemberIndex()].get();
-      uint32_t access_flags = cdii.GetRawMemberAccessFlags();
-      static_fields->push_back(std::unique_ptr<FieldItem>(new FieldItem(access_flags, field_item)));
-    }
-    // Instance fields.
-    FieldItemVector* instance_fields = new FieldItemVector();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; cdii.HasNextInstanceField(); i++, cdii.Next()) {
-      FieldId* field_item = header.FieldIds()[cdii.GetMemberIndex()].get();
-      uint32_t access_flags = cdii.GetRawMemberAccessFlags();
-      instance_fields->push_back(
-          std::unique_ptr<FieldItem>(new FieldItem(access_flags, field_item)));
-    }
-    // Direct methods.
-    MethodItemVector* direct_methods = new MethodItemVector();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; cdii.HasNextDirectMethod(); i++, cdii.Next()) {
-      direct_methods->push_back(
-          std::unique_ptr<MethodItem>(GenerateMethodItem(dex_file, header, cdii)));
-    }
-    // Virtual methods.
-    MethodItemVector* virtual_methods = new MethodItemVector();
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; cdii.HasNextVirtualMethod(); i++, cdii.Next()) {
-      virtual_methods->push_back(
-          std::unique_ptr<MethodItem>(GenerateMethodItem(dex_file, header, cdii)));
-    }
-    class_data = new ClassData(static_fields, instance_fields, direct_methods, virtual_methods);
-    class_data->SetOffset(offset);
-  }
-  return new ClassDef(class_type,
-                      access_flags,
-                      superclass,
-                      interfaces,
-                      interfaces_offset,
-                      source_file,
-                      annotations,
-                      static_values,
-                      class_data);
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
 Header* DexIrBuilder(const DexFile& dex_file) {
   const DexFile::Header& disk_header = dex_file.GetHeader();
   Header* header = new Header(disk_header.magic_,
@@ -431,73 +36,37 @@
                               disk_header.link_off_,
                               disk_header.data_size_,
                               disk_header.data_off_);
+  Collections& collections = header->GetCollections();
   // Walk the rest of the header fields.
   // StringId table.
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<StringId>>& string_ids = header->StringIds();
-  header->SetStringIdsOffset(disk_header.string_ids_off_);
+  collections.SetStringIdsOffset(disk_header.string_ids_off_);
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < dex_file.NumStringIds(); ++i) {
-    const DexFile::StringId& disk_string_id = dex_file.GetStringId(i);
-    StringId* string_id = new StringId(dex_file.GetStringData(disk_string_id));
-    string_id->SetOffset(i);
-    string_ids.push_back(std::unique_ptr<StringId>(string_id));
+    collections.CreateStringId(dex_file, i);
   }
   // TypeId table.
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<TypeId>>& type_ids = header->TypeIds();
-  header->SetTypeIdsOffset(disk_header.type_ids_off_);
+  collections.SetTypeIdsOffset(disk_header.type_ids_off_);
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < dex_file.NumTypeIds(); ++i) {
-    const DexFile::TypeId& disk_type_id = dex_file.GetTypeId(i);
-    TypeId* type_id = new TypeId(header->StringIds()[disk_type_id.descriptor_idx_].get());
-    type_id->SetOffset(i);
-    type_ids.push_back(std::unique_ptr<TypeId>(type_id));
+    collections.CreateTypeId(dex_file, i);
   }
   // ProtoId table.
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ProtoId>>& proto_ids = header->ProtoIds();
-  header->SetProtoIdsOffset(disk_header.proto_ids_off_);
+  collections.SetProtoIdsOffset(disk_header.proto_ids_off_);
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < dex_file.NumProtoIds(); ++i) {
-    const DexFile::ProtoId& disk_proto_id = dex_file.GetProtoId(i);
-    // Build the parameter type vector.
-    TypeIdVector* parameters = new TypeIdVector();
-    DexFileParameterIterator dfpi(dex_file, disk_proto_id);
-    while (dfpi.HasNext()) {
-      parameters->push_back(header->TypeIds()[dfpi.GetTypeIdx()].get());
-      dfpi.Next();
-    }
-    ProtoId* proto_id = new ProtoId(header->StringIds()[disk_proto_id.shorty_idx_].get(),
-                                    header->TypeIds()[disk_proto_id.return_type_idx_].get(),
-                                    parameters);
-    proto_id->SetOffset(i);
-    proto_ids.push_back(std::unique_ptr<ProtoId>(proto_id));
+    collections.CreateProtoId(dex_file, i);
   }
   // FieldId table.
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<FieldId>>& field_ids = header->FieldIds();
-  header->SetFieldIdsOffset(disk_header.field_ids_off_);
+  collections.SetFieldIdsOffset(disk_header.field_ids_off_);
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < dex_file.NumFieldIds(); ++i) {
-    const DexFile::FieldId& disk_field_id = dex_file.GetFieldId(i);
-    FieldId* field_id = new FieldId(header->TypeIds()[disk_field_id.class_idx_].get(),
-                                    header->TypeIds()[disk_field_id.type_idx_].get(),
-                                    header->StringIds()[disk_field_id.name_idx_].get());
-    field_id->SetOffset(i);
-    field_ids.push_back(std::unique_ptr<FieldId>(field_id));
+    collections.CreateFieldId(dex_file, i);
   }
   // MethodId table.
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<MethodId>>& method_ids = header->MethodIds();
-  header->SetMethodIdsOffset(disk_header.method_ids_off_);
+  collections.SetMethodIdsOffset(disk_header.method_ids_off_);
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < dex_file.NumMethodIds(); ++i) {
-    const DexFile::MethodId& disk_method_id = dex_file.GetMethodId(i);
-    MethodId* method_id = new MethodId(header->TypeIds()[disk_method_id.class_idx_].get(),
-                                       header->ProtoIds()[disk_method_id.proto_idx_].get(),
-                                       header->StringIds()[disk_method_id.name_idx_].get());
-    method_id->SetOffset(i);
-    method_ids.push_back(std::unique_ptr<MethodId>(method_id));
+    collections.CreateMethodId(dex_file, i);
   }
   // ClassDef table.
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<ClassDef>>& class_defs = header->ClassDefs();
-  header->SetClassDefsOffset(disk_header.class_defs_off_);
+  collections.SetClassDefsOffset(disk_header.class_defs_off_);
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < dex_file.NumClassDefs(); ++i) {
-    const DexFile::ClassDef& disk_class_def = dex_file.GetClassDef(i);
-    ClassDef* class_def = ReadClassDef(dex_file, disk_class_def, *header);
-    class_def->SetOffset(i);
-    class_defs.push_back(std::unique_ptr<ClassDef>(class_def));
+    collections.CreateClassDef(dex_file, i);
   }
 
   return header;
diff --git a/dexlayout/dexlayout.cc b/dexlayout/dexlayout.cc
index 3a3f417..6f34a33 100644
--- a/dexlayout/dexlayout.cc
+++ b/dexlayout/dexlayout.cc
@@ -30,9 +30,11 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "dex_ir_builder.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "dex_instruction-inl.h"
+#include "os.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -348,10 +350,26 @@
   }  // for
 }
 
+// Forward declare to resolve circular dependence.
+static void DumpEncodedValue(const dex_ir::EncodedValue* data);
+
+/*
+ * Dumps encoded annotation.
+ */
+static void DumpEncodedAnnotation(dex_ir::EncodedAnnotation* annotation) {
+  fputs(annotation->GetType()->GetStringId()->Data(), out_file_);
+  // Display all name=value pairs.
+  for (auto& subannotation : *annotation->GetAnnotationElements()) {
+    fputc(' ', out_file_);
+    fputs(subannotation->GetName()->Data(), out_file_);
+    fputc('=', out_file_);
+    DumpEncodedValue(subannotation->GetValue());
+  }
+}
 /*
  * Dumps encoded value.
  */
-static void DumpEncodedValue(const dex_ir::ArrayItem* data) {
+static void DumpEncodedValue(const dex_ir::EncodedValue* data) {
   switch (data->Type()) {
     case DexFile::kDexAnnotationByte:
       fprintf(out_file_, "%" PRId8, data->GetByte());
@@ -386,8 +404,8 @@
       break;
     }
     case DexFile::kDexAnnotationType: {
-      dex_ir::StringId* string_id = data->GetStringId();
-      fputs(string_id->Data(), out_file_);
+      dex_ir::TypeId* type_id = data->GetTypeId();
+      fputs(type_id->GetStringId()->Data(), out_file_);
       break;
     }
     case DexFile::kDexAnnotationField:
@@ -404,22 +422,15 @@
     case DexFile::kDexAnnotationArray: {
       fputc('{', out_file_);
       // Display all elements.
-      for (auto& array : *data->GetAnnotationArray()) {
+      for (auto& value : *data->GetEncodedArray()->GetEncodedValues()) {
         fputc(' ', out_file_);
-        DumpEncodedValue(array.get());
+        DumpEncodedValue(value.get());
       }
       fputs(" }", out_file_);
       break;
     }
     case DexFile::kDexAnnotationAnnotation: {
-      fputs(data->GetAnnotationAnnotationString()->Data(), out_file_);
-      // Display all name=value pairs.
-      for (auto& subannotation : *data->GetAnnotationAnnotationNameValuePairArray()) {
-        fputc(' ', out_file_);
-        fputs(subannotation->Name()->Data(), out_file_);
-        fputc('=', out_file_);
-        DumpEncodedValue(subannotation->Value());
-      }
+      DumpEncodedAnnotation(data->GetEncodedAnnotation());
       break;
     }
     case DexFile::kDexAnnotationNull:
@@ -437,8 +448,9 @@
 /*
  * Dumps the file header.
  */
-static void DumpFileHeader(const dex_ir::Header* header) {
+static void DumpFileHeader(dex_ir::Header* header) {
   char sanitized[8 * 2 + 1];
+  dex_ir::Collections& collections = header->GetCollections();
   fprintf(out_file_, "DEX file header:\n");
   Asciify(sanitized, header->Magic(), 8);
   fprintf(out_file_, "magic               : '%s'\n", sanitized);
@@ -452,24 +464,24 @@
   fprintf(out_file_, "link_size           : %d\n", header->LinkSize());
   fprintf(out_file_, "link_off            : %d (0x%06x)\n",
           header->LinkOffset(), header->LinkOffset());
-  fprintf(out_file_, "string_ids_size     : %d\n", header->StringIdsSize());
+  fprintf(out_file_, "string_ids_size     : %d\n", collections.StringIdsSize());
   fprintf(out_file_, "string_ids_off      : %d (0x%06x)\n",
-          header->StringIdsOffset(), header->StringIdsOffset());
-  fprintf(out_file_, "type_ids_size       : %d\n", header->TypeIdsSize());
+          collections.StringIdsOffset(), collections.StringIdsOffset());
+  fprintf(out_file_, "type_ids_size       : %d\n", collections.TypeIdsSize());
   fprintf(out_file_, "type_ids_off        : %d (0x%06x)\n",
-          header->TypeIdsOffset(), header->TypeIdsOffset());
-  fprintf(out_file_, "proto_ids_size      : %d\n", header->ProtoIdsSize());
+          collections.TypeIdsOffset(), collections.TypeIdsOffset());
+  fprintf(out_file_, "proto_ids_size      : %d\n", collections.ProtoIdsSize());
   fprintf(out_file_, "proto_ids_off       : %d (0x%06x)\n",
-          header->ProtoIdsOffset(), header->ProtoIdsOffset());
-  fprintf(out_file_, "field_ids_size      : %d\n", header->FieldIdsSize());
+          collections.ProtoIdsOffset(), collections.ProtoIdsOffset());
+  fprintf(out_file_, "field_ids_size      : %d\n", collections.FieldIdsSize());
   fprintf(out_file_, "field_ids_off       : %d (0x%06x)\n",
-          header->FieldIdsOffset(), header->FieldIdsOffset());
-  fprintf(out_file_, "method_ids_size     : %d\n", header->MethodIdsSize());
+          collections.FieldIdsOffset(), collections.FieldIdsOffset());
+  fprintf(out_file_, "method_ids_size     : %d\n", collections.MethodIdsSize());
   fprintf(out_file_, "method_ids_off      : %d (0x%06x)\n",
-          header->MethodIdsOffset(), header->MethodIdsOffset());
-  fprintf(out_file_, "class_defs_size     : %d\n", header->ClassDefsSize());
+          collections.MethodIdsOffset(), collections.MethodIdsOffset());
+  fprintf(out_file_, "class_defs_size     : %d\n", collections.ClassDefsSize());
   fprintf(out_file_, "class_defs_off      : %d (0x%06x)\n",
-          header->ClassDefsOffset(), header->ClassDefsOffset());
+          collections.ClassDefsOffset(), collections.ClassDefsOffset());
   fprintf(out_file_, "data_size           : %d\n", header->DataSize());
   fprintf(out_file_, "data_off            : %d (0x%06x)\n\n",
           header->DataOffset(), header->DataOffset());
@@ -480,19 +492,19 @@
  */
 static void DumpClassDef(dex_ir::Header* header, int idx) {
   // General class information.
-  dex_ir::ClassDef* class_def = header->ClassDefs()[idx].get();
+  dex_ir::ClassDef* class_def = header->GetCollections().GetClassDef(idx);
   fprintf(out_file_, "Class #%d header:\n", idx);
-  fprintf(out_file_, "class_idx           : %d\n", class_def->ClassType()->GetOffset());
+  fprintf(out_file_, "class_idx           : %d\n", class_def->ClassType()->GetIndex());
   fprintf(out_file_, "access_flags        : %d (0x%04x)\n",
           class_def->GetAccessFlags(), class_def->GetAccessFlags());
   uint32_t superclass_idx =  class_def->Superclass() == nullptr ?
-      DexFile::kDexNoIndex16 : class_def->Superclass()->GetOffset();
+      DexFile::kDexNoIndex16 : class_def->Superclass()->GetIndex();
   fprintf(out_file_, "superclass_idx      : %d\n", superclass_idx);
   fprintf(out_file_, "interfaces_off      : %d (0x%06x)\n",
           class_def->InterfacesOffset(), class_def->InterfacesOffset());
   uint32_t source_file_offset = 0xffffffffU;
   if (class_def->SourceFile() != nullptr) {
-    source_file_offset = class_def->SourceFile()->GetOffset();
+    source_file_offset = class_def->SourceFile()->GetIndex();
   }
   fprintf(out_file_, "source_file_idx     : %d\n", source_file_offset);
   uint32_t annotations_offset = 0;
@@ -541,7 +553,7 @@
     fputs("  empty-annotation-set\n", out_file_);
     return;
   }
-  for (std::unique_ptr<dex_ir::AnnotationItem>& annotation : *set_item->GetItems()) {
+  for (dex_ir::AnnotationItem* annotation : *set_item->GetItems()) {
     if (annotation == nullptr) {
       continue;
     }
@@ -552,10 +564,7 @@
       case DexFile::kDexVisibilitySystem:  fputs("VISIBILITY_SYSTEM ",  out_file_); break;
       default:                             fputs("VISIBILITY_UNKNOWN ", out_file_); break;
     }  // switch
-    // Decode raw bytes in annotation.
-    // const uint8_t* rData = annotation->annotation_;
-    dex_ir::ArrayItem* data = annotation->GetItem();
-    DumpEncodedValue(data);
+    DumpEncodedAnnotation(annotation->GetAnnotation());
     fputc('\n', out_file_);
   }
 }
@@ -564,7 +573,7 @@
  * Dumps class annotations.
  */
 static void DumpClassAnnotations(dex_ir::Header* header, int idx) {
-  dex_ir::ClassDef* class_def = header->ClassDefs()[idx].get();
+  dex_ir::ClassDef* class_def = header->GetCollections().GetClassDef(idx);
   dex_ir::AnnotationsDirectoryItem* annotations_directory = class_def->Annotations();
   if (annotations_directory == nullptr) {
     return;  // none
@@ -587,7 +596,7 @@
   if (fields != nullptr) {
     for (auto& field : *fields) {
       const dex_ir::FieldId* field_id = field->GetFieldId();
-      const uint32_t field_idx = field_id->GetOffset();
+      const uint32_t field_idx = field_id->GetIndex();
       const char* field_name = field_id->Name()->Data();
       fprintf(out_file_, "Annotations on field #%u '%s'\n", field_idx, field_name);
       DumpAnnotationSetItem(field->GetAnnotationSetItem());
@@ -598,7 +607,7 @@
   if (methods != nullptr) {
     for (auto& method : *methods) {
       const dex_ir::MethodId* method_id = method->GetMethodId();
-      const uint32_t method_idx = method_id->GetOffset();
+      const uint32_t method_idx = method_id->GetIndex();
       const char* method_name = method_id->Name()->Data();
       fprintf(out_file_, "Annotations on method #%u '%s'\n", method_idx, method_name);
       DumpAnnotationSetItem(method->GetAnnotationSetItem());
@@ -609,13 +618,13 @@
   if (parameters != nullptr) {
     for (auto& parameter : *parameters) {
       const dex_ir::MethodId* method_id = parameter->GetMethodId();
-      const uint32_t method_idx = method_id->GetOffset();
+      const uint32_t method_idx = method_id->GetIndex();
       const char* method_name = method_id->Name()->Data();
       fprintf(out_file_, "Annotations on method #%u '%s' parameters\n", method_idx, method_name);
       uint32_t j = 0;
-      for (auto& annotation : *parameter->GetAnnotations()) {
+      for (dex_ir::AnnotationSetItem* annotation : *parameter->GetAnnotations()->GetItems()) {
         fprintf(out_file_, "#%u\n", j);
-        DumpAnnotationSetItem(annotation.get());
+        DumpAnnotationSetItem(annotation);
         ++j;
       }
     }
@@ -748,24 +757,24 @@
       outSize = snprintf(buf.get(), buf_size, "<no-index>");
       break;
     case Instruction::kIndexTypeRef:
-      if (index < header->TypeIdsSize()) {
-        const char* tp = header->TypeIds()[index]->GetStringId()->Data();
+      if (index < header->GetCollections().TypeIdsSize()) {
+        const char* tp = header->GetCollections().GetTypeId(index)->GetStringId()->Data();
         outSize = snprintf(buf.get(), buf_size, "%s // type@%0*x", tp, width, index);
       } else {
         outSize = snprintf(buf.get(), buf_size, "<type?> // type@%0*x", width, index);
       }
       break;
     case Instruction::kIndexStringRef:
-      if (index < header->StringIdsSize()) {
-        const char* st = header->StringIds()[index]->Data();
+      if (index < header->GetCollections().StringIdsSize()) {
+        const char* st = header->GetCollections().GetStringId(index)->Data();
         outSize = snprintf(buf.get(), buf_size, "\"%s\" // string@%0*x", st, width, index);
       } else {
         outSize = snprintf(buf.get(), buf_size, "<string?> // string@%0*x", width, index);
       }
       break;
     case Instruction::kIndexMethodRef:
-      if (index < header->MethodIdsSize()) {
-        dex_ir::MethodId* method_id = header->MethodIds()[index].get();
+      if (index < header->GetCollections().MethodIdsSize()) {
+        dex_ir::MethodId* method_id = header->GetCollections().GetMethodId(index);
         const char* name = method_id->Name()->Data();
         std::string type_descriptor = GetSignatureForProtoId(method_id->Proto());
         const char* back_descriptor = method_id->Class()->GetStringId()->Data();
@@ -776,8 +785,8 @@
       }
       break;
     case Instruction::kIndexFieldRef:
-      if (index < header->FieldIdsSize()) {
-        dex_ir::FieldId* field_id = header->FieldIds()[index].get();
+      if (index < header->GetCollections().FieldIdsSize()) {
+        dex_ir::FieldId* field_id = header->GetCollections().GetFieldId(index);
         const char* name = field_id->Name()->Data();
         const char* type_descriptor = field_id->Type()->GetStringId()->Data();
         const char* back_descriptor = field_id->Class()->GetStringId()->Data();
@@ -1028,7 +1037,7 @@
  */
 static void DumpBytecodes(dex_ir::Header* header, uint32_t idx,
                           const dex_ir::CodeItem* code, uint32_t code_offset) {
-  dex_ir::MethodId* method_id = header->MethodIds()[idx].get();
+  dex_ir::MethodId* method_id = header->GetCollections().GetMethodId(idx);
   const char* name = method_id->Name()->Data();
   std::string type_descriptor = GetSignatureForProtoId(method_id->Proto());
   const char* back_descriptor = method_id->Class()->GetStringId()->Data();
@@ -1088,7 +1097,7 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  dex_ir::MethodId* method_id = header->MethodIds()[idx].get();
+  dex_ir::MethodId* method_id = header->GetCollections().GetMethodId(idx);
   const char* name = method_id->Name()->Data();
   char* type_descriptor = strdup(GetSignatureForProtoId(method_id->Proto()).c_str());
   const char* back_descriptor = method_id->Class()->GetStringId()->Data();
@@ -1187,13 +1196,13 @@
  * Dumps a static (class) field.
  */
 static void DumpSField(dex_ir::Header* header, uint32_t idx, uint32_t flags,
-                       int i, dex_ir::ArrayItem* init) {
+                       int i, dex_ir::EncodedValue* init) {
   // Bail for anything private if export only requested.
   if (options_.exports_only_ && (flags & (kAccPublic | kAccProtected)) == 0) {
     return;
   }
 
-  dex_ir::FieldId* field_id = header->FieldIds()[idx].get();
+  dex_ir::FieldId* field_id = header->GetCollections().GetFieldId(idx);
   const char* name = field_id->Name()->Data();
   const char* type_descriptor = field_id->Type()->GetStringId()->Data();
   const char* back_descriptor = field_id->Class()->GetStringId()->Data();
@@ -1293,7 +1302,7 @@
                       dex_ir::Header* header,
                       int idx,
                       char** last_package) {
-  dex_ir::ClassDef* class_def = header->ClassDefs()[idx].get();
+  dex_ir::ClassDef* class_def = header->GetCollections().GetClassDef(idx);
   // Omitting non-public class.
   if (options_.exports_only_ && (class_def->GetAccessFlags() & kAccPublic) == 0) {
     return;
@@ -1316,7 +1325,8 @@
   // up the classes, sort them, and dump them alphabetically so the
   // package name wouldn't jump around, but that's not a great plan
   // for something that needs to run on the device.
-  const char* class_descriptor = header->ClassDefs()[idx]->ClassType()->GetStringId()->Data();
+  const char* class_descriptor =
+      header->GetCollections().GetClassDef(idx)->ClassType()->GetStringId()->Data();
   if (!(class_descriptor[0] == 'L' &&
         class_descriptor[strlen(class_descriptor)-1] == ';')) {
     // Arrays and primitives should not be defined explicitly. Keep going?
@@ -1386,7 +1396,7 @@
   }
 
   // Interfaces.
-  dex_ir::TypeIdVector* interfaces = class_def->Interfaces();
+  const dex_ir::TypeIdVector* interfaces = class_def->Interfaces();
   if (interfaces != nullptr) {
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < interfaces->size(); i++) {
       DumpInterface((*interfaces)[i], i);
@@ -1396,8 +1406,10 @@
   // Fields and methods.
   dex_ir::ClassData* class_data = class_def->GetClassData();
   // Prepare data for static fields.
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<dex_ir::ArrayItem>>* static_values = class_def->StaticValues();
-  const uint32_t static_values_size = (static_values == nullptr) ? 0 : static_values->size();
+  dex_ir::EncodedArrayItem* static_values = class_def->StaticValues();
+  dex_ir::EncodedValueVector* encoded_values =
+      static_values == nullptr ? nullptr : static_values->GetEncodedValues();
+  const uint32_t encoded_values_size = (encoded_values == nullptr) ? 0 : encoded_values->size();
 
   // Static fields.
   if (options_.output_format_ == kOutputPlain) {
@@ -1408,10 +1420,10 @@
     if (static_fields != nullptr) {
       for (uint32_t i = 0; i < static_fields->size(); i++) {
         DumpSField(header,
-                   (*static_fields)[i]->GetFieldId()->GetOffset(),
+                   (*static_fields)[i]->GetFieldId()->GetIndex(),
                    (*static_fields)[i]->GetAccessFlags(),
                    i,
-                   i < static_values_size ? (*static_values)[i].get() : nullptr);
+                   i < encoded_values_size ? (*encoded_values)[i].get() : nullptr);
       }  // for
     }
   }
@@ -1425,7 +1437,7 @@
     if (instance_fields != nullptr) {
       for (uint32_t i = 0; i < instance_fields->size(); i++) {
         DumpIField(header,
-                   (*instance_fields)[i]->GetFieldId()->GetOffset(),
+                   (*instance_fields)[i]->GetFieldId()->GetIndex(),
                    (*instance_fields)[i]->GetAccessFlags(),
                    i);
       }  // for
@@ -1441,7 +1453,7 @@
     if (direct_methods != nullptr) {
       for (uint32_t i = 0; i < direct_methods->size(); i++) {
         DumpMethod(header,
-                   (*direct_methods)[i]->GetMethodId()->GetOffset(),
+                   (*direct_methods)[i]->GetMethodId()->GetIndex(),
                    (*direct_methods)[i]->GetAccessFlags(),
                    (*direct_methods)[i]->GetCodeItem(),
                  i);
@@ -1458,7 +1470,7 @@
     if (virtual_methods != nullptr) {
       for (uint32_t i = 0; i < virtual_methods->size(); i++) {
         DumpMethod(header,
-                   (*virtual_methods)[i]->GetMethodId()->GetOffset(),
+                   (*virtual_methods)[i]->GetMethodId()->GetIndex(),
                    (*virtual_methods)[i]->GetAccessFlags(),
                    (*virtual_methods)[i]->GetCodeItem(),
                    i);
@@ -1474,7 +1486,7 @@
     }
     const dex_ir::StringId* source_file = class_def->SourceFile();
     fprintf(out_file_, "  source_file_idx   : %d (%s)\n\n",
-            source_file == nullptr ? 0xffffffffU : source_file->GetOffset(), file_name);
+            source_file == nullptr ? 0xffffffffU : source_file->GetIndex(), file_name);
   } else if (options_.output_format_ == kOutputXml) {
     fprintf(out_file_, "</class>\n");
   }
@@ -1483,6 +1495,96 @@
 }
 
 /*
+static uint32_t GetDataSectionOffset(dex_ir::Header& header) {
+  return dex_ir::Header::ItemSize() +
+      header.GetCollections().StringIdsSize() * dex_ir::StringId::ItemSize() +
+      header.GetCollections().TypeIdsSize() * dex_ir::TypeId::ItemSize() +
+      header.GetCollections().ProtoIdsSize() * dex_ir::ProtoId::ItemSize() +
+      header.GetCollections().FieldIdsSize() * dex_ir::FieldId::ItemSize() +
+      header.GetCollections().MethodIdsSize() * dex_ir::MethodId::ItemSize() +
+      header.GetCollections().ClassDefsSize() * dex_ir::ClassDef::ItemSize();
+}
+
+static bool Align(File* file, uint32_t& offset) {
+  uint8_t zero_buffer[] = { 0, 0, 0 };
+  uint32_t zeroes = (-offset) & 3;
+  if (zeroes > 0) {
+    if (!file->PwriteFully(zero_buffer, zeroes, offset)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    offset += zeroes;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+static bool WriteStrings(File* dex_file, dex_ir::Header& header,
+                         uint32_t& index_offset, uint32_t& data_offset) {
+  uint32_t index = 0;
+  uint32_t index_buffer[1];
+  uint32_t string_length;
+  uint32_t length_length;
+  uint8_t length_buffer[8];
+  for (std::unique_ptr<dex_ir::StringId>& string_id : header.GetCollections().StringIds()) {
+    string_id->SetOffset(index);
+    index_buffer[0] = data_offset;
+    string_length = strlen(string_id->Data());
+    length_length = UnsignedLeb128Size(string_length);
+    EncodeUnsignedLeb128(length_buffer, string_length);
+
+    if (!dex_file->PwriteFully(index_buffer, 4, index_offset) ||
+        !dex_file->PwriteFully(length_buffer, length_length, data_offset) ||
+        !dex_file->PwriteFully(string_id->Data(), string_length, data_offset + length_length)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    index++;
+    index_offset += 4;
+    data_offset += string_length + length_length;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+static bool WriteTypes(File* dex_file, dex_ir::Header& header, uint32_t& index_offset) {
+  uint32_t index = 0;
+  uint32_t index_buffer[1];
+  for (std::unique_ptr<dex_ir::TypeId>& type_id : header.GetCollections().TypeIds()) {
+    type_id->SetIndex(index);
+    index_buffer[0] = type_id->GetStringId()->GetOffset();
+
+    if (!dex_file->PwriteFully(index_buffer, 4, index_offset)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    index++;
+    index_offset += 4;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+static bool WriteTypeLists(File* dex_file, dex_ir::Header& header, uint32_t& data_offset) {
+  if (!Align(dex_file, data_offset)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void OutputDexFile(dex_ir::Header& header, const char* file_name) {
+  LOG(INFO) << "FILE NAME: " << file_name;
+  std::unique_ptr<File> dex_file(OS::CreateEmptyFileWriteOnly(file_name));
+  if (dex_file == nullptr) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Can't open %s\n", file_name);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t index_offset = dex_ir::Header::ItemSize();
+  uint32_t data_offset = GetDataSectionOffset(header);
+  WriteStrings(dex_file.get(), header, index_offset, data_offset);
+  WriteTypes(dex_file.get(), header, index_offset);
+}
+*/
+
+/*
  * Dumps the requested sections of the file.
  */
 static void ProcessDexFile(const char* file_name, const DexFile* dex_file) {
@@ -1504,7 +1606,7 @@
 
   // Iterate over all classes.
   char* package = nullptr;
-  const uint32_t class_defs_size = header->ClassDefsSize();
+  const uint32_t class_defs_size = header->GetCollections().ClassDefsSize();
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < class_defs_size; i++) {
     DumpClass(dex_file, header.get(), i, &package);
   }  // for
@@ -1519,6 +1621,14 @@
   if (options_.output_format_ == kOutputXml) {
     fprintf(out_file_, "</api>\n");
   }
+
+  /*
+  // Output dex file.
+  if (options_.output_dex_files_) {
+    std::string output_dex_filename = dex_file->GetLocation() + ".out";
+    OutputDexFile(*header, output_dex_filename.c_str());
+  }
+  */
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/dexlayout/dexlayout.h b/dexlayout/dexlayout.h
index bae587d..736d230 100644
--- a/dexlayout/dexlayout.h
+++ b/dexlayout/dexlayout.h
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
   bool disassemble_;
   bool exports_only_;
   bool ignore_bad_checksum_;
+  bool output_dex_files_;
   bool show_annotations_;
   bool show_cfg_;
   bool show_file_headers_;
diff --git a/dexlayout/dexlayout_main.cc b/dexlayout/dexlayout_main.cc
index 09fa0ef..ec5edf4 100644
--- a/dexlayout/dexlayout_main.cc
+++ b/dexlayout/dexlayout_main.cc
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
  */
 static void Usage(void) {
   fprintf(stderr, "Copyright (C) 2007 The Android Open Source Project\n\n");
-  fprintf(stderr, "%s: [-a] [-c] [-d] [-e] [-f] [-h] [-i] [-l layout] [-o outfile]"
+  fprintf(stderr, "%s: [-a] [-c] [-d] [-e] [-f] [-h] [-i] [-l layout] [-o outfile] [-w]"
                   " dexfile...\n\n", kProgramName);
   fprintf(stderr, " -a : display annotations\n");
   fprintf(stderr, " -b : build dex_ir\n");
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
   fprintf(stderr, " -i : ignore checksum failures\n");
   fprintf(stderr, " -l : output layout, either 'plain' or 'xml'\n");
   fprintf(stderr, " -o : output file name (defaults to stdout)\n");
+  fprintf(stderr, " -w : output dex files\n");
 }
 
 /*
@@ -68,7 +69,7 @@
 
   // Parse all arguments.
   while (1) {
-    const int ic = getopt(argc, argv, "abcdefghil:o:");
+    const int ic = getopt(argc, argv, "abcdefghil:o:w");
     if (ic < 0) {
       break;  // done
     }
@@ -113,6 +114,9 @@
       case 'o':  // output file
         options_.output_file_name_ = optarg;
         break;
+      case 'w':  // output dex files
+        options_.output_dex_files_ = true;
+        break;
       default:
         want_usage = true;
         break;